If you like to "burn the midnight oil," you'll find it hard to imagine the behavior of humans who have a defect in signaling by CKI (casein kinase I), a protein kinase that participates in the biochemical machinery that establishes circadian ...

In a pair of back-to-back studies, Salvador et al. defined a new pathway to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 in T cells and identified a suppressor of signaling through this pathway. MAPKs are activated in numerous cell ...

Regulation of the transcription factor NF-κB is central to the activation of T cells in the immune system. Activation of the T cell receptor leads to accumulation of a group of signaling proteins within lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. Somehow ...

Although the number of neutrophils circulating in blood is maintained relatively constant, the mechanisms through which production is increased under neutropenic conditions or decreased under neutrophilic conditions remain unclear. IL-23, a cytokine ...

Protein kinase B (also known as Akt) signaling controls cell survival, and its hyperactivation has been associated with certain cancers. Kinase activation occurs when the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP₃) associates with the ...

Notch and Wnt [Wingless (Wg) in flies] are both pathways involved in developmental processes. Both pathways result in changes in gene expression. For Notch, this transcriptional activation occurs following cleavage of the Notch receptor to produce a ...

A link between estrogen receptor α (ERα) and calcium and calmodulin has previously been reported, yet this interaction is not widely accepted. Li et al. provide multiple lines of evidence to show that estrogen stimulation of ERα transcriptional ...

Rats and mice learn to freeze when they hear a tone previously encountered at the same time as an electric shock. This type of learning takes place in the amygdala. Rumpel et al. examined the cellular basis of the learning by tagging the glutamate ...