Actions on sustainable food production and consumption for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework

Actions to transform food systems are key to addressing biodiversity loss.

. Details and scope of science-policy fora informing the post-2020 biodiversity framework

Science-policy forum
Date and location Forum details IPBES visioning workshop: New visions for nature and nature's contributions to people for the 21st century 4-8 September 2017 Auckland, New Zealand Workshop participants included a total of 73 participants from intergovernmental organizations, national government organizations, academia and the private sector. Participants were from 31 countries, and held a range of sectoral expertise on biodiversity topics, from urban development to agriculture and fisheries. At this week-long workshop participants developed seven positive future visions for nature, including detailed narrative texts that discussed what the future looks like in a particular narrative, and key aspects or actions (Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political and Value) that are required to achieve a particular future vision. IUBS 4th Science Forum: Towards living in harmony with nature by 2050: A Science-Policy Dialogue 23-24 November 2018 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (CBD COP 14) Science-policy dialogue organized by the International Union of Biological sciences, the European Commission (with support from EKLIPSE, the EU science-policy interface mechanism on biodiversity and ecosystem services), the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, and the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Brought together and engaged scientists and policy makers to discuss how science can inform the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. The discussions particularly focused on what scientists could offer to the preparation of the post-2020 agenda. Reflected on concepts for transition, on the role of scenarios and pathways, as well as on scale and scope of actions towards the 2050 vision. IUBS Science Forum, dialogue at the IUBS Centenary Year 33rd General Assembly and Scientific Program 31 July 2019 Oslo, Norway This transdisciplinary science session discussed ideas, themes and indicators to inform the post-2020 global biodiversity framework related to sustainable production and consumption. It discussed the interlinkages between food production and consumption and the SDGs, targets and indicators related to sustainable production and consumption; and potential targets for the post-2020 biodiversity framework, and the actions required by governments, business and stakeholders at all levels to ensure effective, accurate and coherent reporting against indicators. Ninth Trondheim Conference on Biodiversity 2-5 July 2019 Trondheim, Norway The conference gathered around 450 participants, with representatives registered from almost 120 countries. Participation in the Conference was by invitation only. In addition to country representatives, there was participation from UN bodies, international and non-governmental organizations, as well as to other major groups and stakeholders. The conference sought to facilitate a shared understanding of key knowledge areas, and to help ensure that the process for developing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework is knowledge-based, just and inclusive.

Agroforestry systems
Multifunctional/diverse agricultural landscapes; use of diverse and well-adapted crop varieties; 10% of buildings' energy and food needs supplied through green infrastructure; urban agroecological gardens Promoting sustainable increases in the productivity of existing agricultural land and rangeland Moratoria on soya and meat produced on recently-cleared land Ecological restoration in agricultural landscapes All plant-based material is produced from 100% sustainable sources Giving priority to farming native species, so as to avoid possible to invasions of native habitats by escaped alien species, and species lower down the food chain (e.g. herbivorous fish rather than carnivores). This can be achieved through a combination of regulations and promoting changes in consumer preferences Promoting public policies and incentives that maintain local varieties of crops and indigenous breeds in production systems Increased adoption of good agricultural practices; Improved targeting and efficiency of fertilizer, pesticide and water use; No till techniques Climate smart agriculture Sustainable use of varieties of crops and trees, their wild relatives, and breeds of livestock; gene banking Recognising the multiple values of biodiversity in the strategies and processes that drive decisions about development Reduce demand for endangered species consumption/ derived from illegal killing and trade Biodiversity in climate change funding Encouraging a landscape matrix that equally supports nature and biodiversity/ systematic spatial planning changes the value system to a "green-attitude" Biodiversity-specific requirements to be taken into account by public agencies when applying for funding Collective land-ocean governance vision (e.g., IPBES and other intergovernmental process lead the way to the establishment of an Oceans Council) Strengthening the biodiversity component of emerging voluntary sustainability initiatives such as standard-setting and certification within international supply chains Realizing the full potential of emerging sustainability standards and certification Further development of certification schemes to fill current gaps Organic certification and conservation agriculture Community co-management of fisheries Indigenous and local communities are actively involved in the management and restoration of the coasts (including, for example, participating in community coral gardening). Governance and responsibility for land management to indigenous and local communities (respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations) Increasing levels of food sovereignty and food production in the hands of small farmers Community gardens Decentralized networks (farmer field schools, Trainer-to-Trainer programmes) Empower IPLC to implement nature-based solutions Improved access to finance (especially for women) for food production and biodiversity conservation and sustainable use Conservation and sustainable use in corporate sustainability plans Fewer non-renewable resources, sustainable use of renewable resources. Increasing production intensity to lower footprint Public (consumer) awareness programs (environmental, ecological and nutrition consciousness) Leveraging the power of consumer choice by emphasizing the health and cost benefits of choices that also benefit biodiversity Tools to trace individuals' footprints to influence consumption decisions Prices that reflect the scarcity of natural resources as well as the environmental impact of farming can contribute to greater efficiency, polluter pays principle enforced through charges and regulations Eating artificially produced fish protein, food produced from waste products or eating across the food chain Dietary guidelines -credible information on the environmental impact of their food choices Addressing shifts in consumption patterns, including moderate meat consumption, veganism, synthetic meat. Slow food movement, eating according to the season, locally sourced food Gathering more data and establishing harmonized indicators to measure effectiveness and track progress of policies on sustainable consumption and production Scientific data and results are publicly available, in a form useable by policy makers, other researchers and society Developing the voluntary peer review system already being used at the CBD (under monitoring and enforcement) Participatory monitoring, control, enforcement and surveillance systems for a sustainable management of ecosystems and their benefits (e.g., forest and fisheries) By 2030 we reduce by 25% the ecological footprint of food production and consumption and reduce by 50% by 2050. Concept of 'food print' Circular economy concept Pricing the externalities of food production/consumption waste to drive production/consumption systems that maximize quality and accessibility, minimize impact on biodiversity and minimize cost Recharacterisation of gross domestic product (GDP) "growth" to ensure it is connected to well-being and nature. Including metrics such as biodiversity, quality of life and natural resource use (metric contrasting natural capital and consumption) e.g., Bhutan happiness index, taxation. Green GDP can be a key tool for measuring progress and guiding decisions around sustainable use. Internalizing environmental costs and getting the price right is necessary to reach and maintain sustainable food production systems and consumption. Economists valuing internalised ecological and social features. Improved valuation, accounting and reporting of biodiversity and ecosystem services (national accounting systems capturing economic, cultural, social, intergenerational growth). International natural resource consumption taxation system that redistributes funds to a common international funding pool to alleviate poverty, support environmental management, and provide venture capital for sustainable technological innovation. Green/ resource use taxation High seas are closed to fishing Enhancing, in each country, monitoring and enforcement of regulations to prevent illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing by flag-vessels Fishing at or within maximum sustainable yield (MSY) Phasing out fishing practices and gear which cause serious adverse impacts to the seafloor or to non-target species Governance that crosses the land-sea interface (e.g., Arctic Council, cumulative effects) Coastal zones are managed sustainably (ban of unsustainable fishing practices). Guidelines of fisheries and other sectors to become OECMs Removal, phase-out, or reform of harmful incentives (fishing encouraging overcapacity, removing or reforming bio-energy subsidies) Use of positive incentives e.g. subsidies rewarding farming practices that safeguard the environment, for switching to organic agriculture or integrated practices (public money for public goods), subsidies help people in impoverished areas to be able to offer their locally sourced products Negative incentives for "non-compliance" with sustainable production requirements Incentives to align sector activities with biodiversity conservation and sustainable use Pay attention to the relationship between tenurial rights to agriculture and conservation/develop relevant framework to address this lack of effective tenure systems Legal or policy framework for land use or spatial planning. Integrated land-use planning, strategic environmental assessment Use information tools as a basis for setting land use policy that takes account of the needs of multiple agendas while maintaining the essential ecological functions Action to require the industry to exclude deforesters from their supply chains: addressing commodity supply chains to restrict products from illegal or unsustainable sources Regulations (including production protocols) in driving more informed choices Zoning system includes a strict no-take zone coinciding with ancient sacred areas Reducing waste and losses in supply chains Short circuit food provision: e.g., 'la rouche qui dit oui' in France which cuts out the middleman in food production and supply Blockchain and similar technologies to improve traceability of commodities and highlight unsustainable trade Twitter, cloud-based applications, QR-codes etc. could provide a more detailed picture for consumers Use of 'multitrophic aquaculture' in which seaweed can be produced for human food, fish feed and pharmaceuticals, reducing feed demand and pollution (e.g, eating invasive species, algae, jellyfish). Sustainable and cheaply produced artificially grown fish protein, as well as manufactured food from waste products (e.g., fish skeletons) Using waste from one species to be converted to protein by another species, thereby reducing nutrient pollution High-tech and traditional agrotechnologies are applied to the agro-food system to maximize ecosystem services Technological innovations, co-developed with producers, with researchers and industry; Aquaponics production systems Innovative trade relations: Countries will need to negotiate the potential decreases in trade in certain exotic types of food. Create a system of transparent life-cycle assessments supporting wise and sustainable consumption and production. Governments and businesses account for the full life cycle of their products Track and tracing systems of environmental and social features of food (self-evaluation of food production management and practices, rather than third party accounting); particularly for value chains involving disjunctions between consumption, production and waste disposal Increased transparency of public budget Financial funding flows have to be made transparent. There must be a mechanism to have users contribute to the implementation of the target. Have the users of Natural Resources (Agriculture, Industry) assist in developing the target, so that they have a part in achieving the target. Some sectors are actually showing that they would like to surpass existing targets Set goal in relation to monitoring, control, enforcement and surveillance systems Investing in marketing and storage infrastructure and low tech solutions to eliminate food waste Minimizing pollution by improving management practices, for example by reducing overfeeding Waste streams are managed (bycatch, food waste, life-cycle analysis, et.) 8. (g) Regular monitoring, evaluation and feedback of the progress towards the attainment of all elements of the framework, including the actions taken, their effectiveness, and resulting changes in biological, social and economic conditions. F. 14. (g) Adequate inclusive and integrative governance is put in place to ensure policy coherence and effectiveness for the implementation the framework. G. 16. (a) Reflecting the framework in relevant planning processes, including national biodiversity strategies and action plans. G. 16. (b) Periodic reporting, including through the use of identified indicators, by Governments, multilateral environmental agreements and other relevant international processes, indigenous peoples and local communities, civil society and the private sector of the actions taken to implement the framework, the successes achieved, and the challenges encountered. Annex I I. B. 3 The framework will be implemented primarily through activities at the national level, with supporting action at the subnational, regional and global levels. It aims to promote synergies and coordination with relevant processes. It provides a global, outcome-oriented framework for the development of national, and as appropriate, regional, goals and targets and, as necessary, the updating of national biodiversity strategies and action plans to achieve these, and to facilitate regular monitoring and review of progress at the global level.
implementation of the framework G. 14. (b) The participation of all relevant stakeholders, nongovernmental organizations, youth, civil society, local and subnational authorities, the private sector, academia and scientific institutions through a whole-ofsociety approach and through inclusive and representative multistakeholder and multisectoral platforms; G. 14. (g) Inclusive and integrative governance and whole-of-government approaches to ensure policy coherence and effectiveness for the implementation the framework H. 15. The successful implementation of the framework is dependent on the use of a comprehensive system for planning, reporting and review. (ii) Indicators will be an important part of planning and reporting process including Headline indicators; (iii) Planning documents will be updated on a continuous basis. (b) Reporting: (i) National reports: a. National reports will report on all actions identified in the national strategies and action plans using agreed indicators including headline indicators; b. National reports will be issued regularly and in time, in accordance with the agreed schedule. (ii) Global reports: a. Global stocktake: i. Global collation of statistical information; ii. Takes place frequently according to an agreed schedules. (iii) A reporting schedule that will be used consistently by all institutions involved; (iv) Global assessment processes, including the Global Biodiversity Outlook and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services will be reviewed for efficiency and complementarity and timeliness. (c) Review: (i) Global analysis of progress on objective/numerical elements of targets and progress towards milestones and goals; (ii) [Open ended Forums] for the review of national implementation and to share lessons learned and best practices; (iii) Voluntary in-depth peer review of national implementation by experts including from other parties. Tightly linked with regional/international trade. • Impacts on low income and poorly resourced producers.
• Transparency and accountability in subsidy reporting, e.g. effective WTO notification requirements are needed (58).

•
Better monitoring of the impacts of subsidies needed to determine relative benefits.

•
Value scientific advice of multiple effects of subsidies and subsidy reform.

•
NGOs/civil society to take up agenda politically.

Peru
• Tightly linked with regional/international trade, e.g. US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement.

•
2001 Agrarian Promotion Law has allowed the payment of less income tax and a more flexible labor regime for the agricultural sector (which has been reflected in the growth of agribusiness). • Natural capital accounting could be integrated and measured at national level.

•
Currently not integrated into national information systems and repeatedly measured (70). UK • Measurement of natural capital is difficult due to the lack of a baseline (72).

•
The telecoupled interactions in food systems globally are not considered and biodiversity impacts are displaced in supply chains.
• Natural capital accounting needs to consider the telecoupled interactions in food systems globally as biodiversity impacts are displaced in supply chains. • Compliance, accountability and transparency in post-2020 biodiversity framework.

•
High ambition on sustainable food production and consumption UK • National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans lacking accountability and compliance.
• Compliance, accountability and transparency in post-2020 biodiversity framework.

•
High ambition on sustainable food production and consumption.