Observed rapid bedrock uplift in Amundsen Sea Embayment promotes ice-sheet stability
A quick rebound for Antarctic crust
Earth's crust deforms under the load of glaciers and ice sheets. When these masses are removed, the crust rebounds at a time scale determined by the viscosity of the upper mantle. Using GPS, Barletta et al. found that the viscosity of the mantle under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is much lower than expected. This means that as ice is lost, the crust rebounds much faster than previously expected. Although estimates of total ice loss have to be revised upward, the surprising finding indicates that the ice sheet may stabilize against catastrophic collapse.
Science, this issue p. 1335
Abstract
The marine portion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) accounts for one-fourth of the cryospheric contribution to global sea-level rise and is vulnerable to catastrophic collapse. The bedrock response to ice mass loss, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), was thought to occur on a time scale of 10,000 years. We used new GPS measurements, which show a rapid (41 millimeters per year) uplift of the ASE, to estimate the viscosity of the mantle underneath. We found a much lower viscosity (4 × 1018 pascal-second) than global average, and this shortens the GIA response time scale to decades up to a century. Our finding requires an upward revision of ice mass loss from gravity data of 10% and increases the potential stability of the WAIS against catastrophic collapse.
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Supplementary Material
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Supplementary Text
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Volume 360 | Issue 6395
22 June 2018
22 June 2018
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Received: 20 June 2017
Accepted: 25 April 2018
Published in print: 22 June 2018
Acknowledgments
V.R.B. is indebted to C. Madison for important support in writing the manuscript. The authors thank DTU Computing Center (DCC), where the modeling simulations were performed, for the precious support provided. This research is a contribution to the SCAR SERCE program. Funding: This research was supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the project GOCE+ Antarctica - Dynamic Antarctic Lithosphere, the U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, and the U.S. Antarctic Program. VE-CL0V3RS was developed by V.R.B and A. Bordoni in a self-funded project. Author contributions: V.R.B. and M.B. planned the modeling strategy. V.R.B. computed the solid Earth predictions, performed the comparative analysis with the data, interpreted the results, prepared the figures, and wrote the original manuscript. M.B. provided GPS analysis, reference frame realization, trajectory analysis, interpretation, and writing. B.E.S. processed the altimetry data. T.W. supervised the work and provided input on the analysis, interpretation, and writing. A. Bordoni computed the Earth model Green’s functions and advised on analysis, interpretation, and writing. S.A.K. computed elastic deformation for a double-blind test and contributed to writing. M.R.-N. provided ice history uncertainty assessment. M.W. advised on altimetry data and contributed to writing. A. Brown and E.K. performed GPS data analysis. D.J.C., I.D., E.K., S.K., R.S., M.W., and T.W. performed GPS fieldwork. D.J.C. provided GPS instrumental support. S.K. advised on the comparative analysis. D.A.W., R.C.A., and A.N. provided seismological Earth parameters and contributed to interpretation. T.W. and I.D. worked on tectonic framework issues. Competing interests: None declared. Data and materials availability: The POLENET GPS data are open and immediately available from the Data Archive Interface (DAI, www.unavco.org/data/gps-gnss/data-access-methods/dai2/app/dai2.html) of UNAVCO. The grids of ice mass changes derived with satellite altimetry are available at ftp://ftp.space.dtu.dk/pub/barletta/dZ_and_mass_estimates_Dec_10_2014.mat. Other relevant data are available at ftp://ftp.space.dtu.dk/pub/barletta. Code availability: The code VE-HResV2 computes the vertical and horizontal deformation given an input grid load and given the elastic or the viscoelastic Green’s functions for an Earth model. It is available as Fortran code upon request to the author. The code VE-CL0V3RS v.3.5.6 computes the elastic and the viscoelastic Green’s functions given an Earth model. The part of the code for the elastic Green’s function (or elastic Love numbers) is available as executable upon request to the authors. The part of the code for the viscoelastic Green’s function has been ported to high-performance clusters. It is still under development, and it is not user friendly at this stage. It is recommended that you ask the author to have it configured and run for you with your preferred Earth model. Both codes already have been used in other studies (12).
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Funding Information
National Science Foundation: PLR-1246712
National Science Foundation: PLR-1247518
National Science Foundation: PLR-1246776
National Science Foundation: 1419268
National Science Foundation: 1246776
National Science Foundation: PLR-1249631
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