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This paper was generously supported by NSF (grant nos. SES-0241858 and SES-0099195), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH grant no. R01HD043411), funding from the Committee for Economic Development, with a grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts and from the Partnership for America's Economic Success. This research was also supported by the Children's Initiative project at the Pritzker Family Foundation and a grant from the Report to the Nation of America's Promise. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of the sponsoring organizations. See our Web site (http://jenni.uchicago.edu/econ_neurosci) for more information.