Treatment of a genetic brain disease by CNS-wide microglia replacement
Science Translational Medicine • 16 Mar 2022 • Vol 14, Issue 636 • DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl9945
Efficient replacement
Cell therapies have the potential of being an effective approach for treating neurodegenerative conditions. However, the need for local delivery and the poor distribution of the transplanted cells hinder the development of effective treatments. Here, Shibuya et al. developed an efficient microglia replacement approach in rodents using circulation-derived myeloid cells (CDMCs). The cells broadly incorporated in the brain and generated microglia-like cells more efficiently than bone marrow transplant. In a mouse model of progressive neurodegeneration, CDMC-mediated microglia replacement reduced cell loss and brain inflammation, improved motor behavior, and extended life span. The results suggest that this approach might be therapeutic in multiple neurological conditions.
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation after myeloablative conditioning has been used to treat various genetic metabolic syndromes but is largely ineffective in diseases affecting the brain presumably due to poor and variable myeloid cell incorporation into the central nervous system. Here, we developed and characterized a near-complete and homogeneous replacement of microglia with bone marrow cells in mice without the need for genetic manipulation of donor or host. The high chimerism resulted from a competitive advantage of scarce donor cells during microglia repopulation rather than enhanced recruitment from the periphery. Hematopoietic stem cells, but not immediate myeloid or monocyte progenitor cells, contained full microglia replacement potency equivalent to whole bone marrow. To explore its therapeutic potential, we applied microglia replacement to a mouse model for Prosaposin deficiency, which is characterized by a progressive neurodegeneration phenotype. We found a reduction of cerebellar neurodegeneration and gliosis in treated brains, improvement of motor and balance impairment, and life span extension even with treatment started in young adulthood. This proof-of-concept study suggests that efficient microglia replacement may have therapeutic efficacy for a variety of neurological diseases.
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Science Translational Medicine
Volume 14 | Issue 636
March 2022
March 2022
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Submission history
Received: 19 August 2021
Accepted: 10 February 2022
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all members of the Wernig laboratory, J. Pluvinage, D. Mochly-Rosen, and K. Grimes for helpful discussions throughout the project and T. Broer, M. R. Casilla, FACS core at Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Stanford Neuroscience Microscopy Service (supported by NIH NS069375) for technical support.
Funding: The project was supported by a pilot grant from the Stanford Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center NIH grant (P50AG047366 to M.W.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Scholar Award, and the Goldman-Sachs Foundation to M.W. Y. Shibuya was supported by the Larry L. Hillblom Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship (2017-A-016-FEL). K.K.K. was supported by the Stanford Neurosurgery Resident Research Education Program R25 (NIH NS065741-10). M.M.-D.M. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (MA 8492/1-1). Y.Y. was supported by the New York Stem Cell Foundation Druckenmiller Fellowship (NYSCF–D–F74). L.A.A. was supported by grants from the NIH and California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) awarded to L.A.A.’s home institution, San Francisco State University (R25-GM059298, CIRM:EDUC2-08391).
Author contributions: Study concept and design: Y. Shibuya and M.W. BMT and posttransplantation analyses: Y. Shibuya, K.K.K., M.M.-D.M., Y.Y., L.A.A., I.K., R.Y., and P.M. RNA-seq data processing: Y.Y. Two-photon microscopy: M.M.-D.M. and M.A.M. Droplet digital PCR: G.N. Behavioral tests: K.K.K. and M.Z. Development and maintenance of Psap-deficient mice: B.L. and Y. Sun. Supervision and suggestions on data interpretation: T.C.S., T.W.-C., F.L.H., X.C., Y. Sun, H.N., and F.C.B. Drafting of original manuscript: Y. Shibuya and M.W. All authors reviewed, revised, and approved the final version of the paper.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Data and materials availability: All data associated with this study are present in the paper or the Supplementary Materials. The bulk RNA-seq dataset generated in this study is available at the NCBI BioProject (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject), accession no: PRJNA600501. PLX5622 was provided by Plexxikon Inc. under a material transfer agreement between Stanford University and Plexxikon Inc.
Authors
Funding Information
National Institutes of Health: NS065741-10
National Institutes of Health: R25-GM059298
National Institute on Aging: P50AG047366
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine: CIRM:EDUC2-08391
Larry L. Hillblom Foundation: 2017-A-016-FEL
New York Stem Cell Foundation: NYSCF?D?F74
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: MA 8492/1-1
Goldman-Sachs Foundation
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