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NEUTRON STARS

Polarized x-rays from a magnetar

Roberto Taverna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-618X [email protected], Roberto Turolla, Fabio Muleri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3331-3794, Jeremy Heyl https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-367X, Silvia Zane https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5326-880X, Luca Baldini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9785-7726, Denis González-Caniulef https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-0180, Matteo Bachetti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4576-9337, John Rankin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-0560, Ilaria Caiazzo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-5388, Niccolò Di Lalla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-1298, Victor Doroshenko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-1105, Manel Errando https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-863X, Ephraim Gau https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-2710, Demet Kırmızıbayrak https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-740X, Henric Krawczynski https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-6507, Michela Negro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-5622, Mason Ng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-6563, Nicola Omodei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-7577, Andrea Possenti https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5902-3731, Toru Tamagawa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8801-6263, Keisuke Uchiyama https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-9389, Martin C. Weisskopf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-4240, Ivan Agudo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-6182, Lucio A. Antonelli, Wayne H. Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Stefano Bianchi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4622-4240, Stephen D. Bongiorno https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-2097, Raffaella Bonino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-1215, Alessandro Brez, Niccolò Bucciantini, Fiamma Capitanio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-3027, Simone Castellano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-4292, Elisabetta Cavazzuti https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7150-9638, Stefano Ciprini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0712-2479, Enrico Costa, Alessandra De Rosa, Ettore Del Monte https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-6334, Laura Di Gesu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-5028, Alessandro Di Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-3259, Immacolata Donnarumma, Michal Dovčiak https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0079-1239, Steven R. Ehlert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-2838, Teruaki Enoto https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-3100, Yuri Evangelista https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-6710, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Javier A. Garcia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-2448, Shuichi Gunji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2445, Kiyoshi Hayashida, Wataru Iwakiri, Svetlana G. Jorstad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-1708, Vladimir Karas, Takao Kitaguchi, Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0110-6136, Fabio La Monaca https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-4156, Luca Latronico https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0984-1856, Ioannis Liodakis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9200-4006, Simone Maldera https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-4421, Alberto Manfreda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-4953, Frédéric Marin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2049-2690, Andrea Marinucci https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-4946, Alan P. Marscher https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-3332, Herman L. Marshall, Giorgio Matt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-0916, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Tsunefumi Mizuno https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-0296, Stephen C.-Y. Ng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5847-2612, Stephen L. O’Dell https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-8056, Chiara Oppedisano https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6194-4601, Alessandro Papitto https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-7413, George G. Pavlov, Abel L. Peirson https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6292-1911, Matteo Perri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-4409, Melissa Pesce-Rollins https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-8018, Maura Pilia, Juri Poutanen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-0049, Simonetta Puccetti, Brian D. Ramsey, Ajay Ratheesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-4243, Roger W. Romani, Carmelo Sgrò https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5676-6214, Patrick Slane, Paolo Soffitta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-4104, Gloria Spandre https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-3453, Fabrizio Tavecchio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0256-0995, Yuzuru Tawara, Allyn F. Tennant https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-6774, Nicholas E. Thomas, Francesco Tombesi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-8654, Alessio Trois, Sergey S. Tsygankov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9679-0793, Jacco Vink, Kinwah Wu, and Fei Xie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-5826Authors Info & Affiliations
Science
3 Nov 2022
Vol 378, Issue 6620
pp. 646-650
DOI: 10.1126/science.add0080
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Polarization constrains magnetar emission

Magnetars are young neutron stars with high magnetic fields that are usually observed at x-ray wavelengths. The emission mechanism and geometry of the emitting region have been unclear. Taverna et al. measured the x-ray polarization of the magnetar 4U 0142+61. The polarization degree and angle change as a function of x-ray energy, indicating two different emission regions. The authors preferred a model in which most of the x-rays are emitted by an equatorial band on the surface of the neutron star, with some of the photons then being scattered to higher energies by collisions with electrons in the surrounding magnetic field. —KTS

Abstract

Magnetars are neutron stars with ultrastrong magnetic fields, which can be observed in x-rays. Polarization measurements could provide information on their magnetic fields and surface properties. We observed polarized x-rays from the magnetar 4U 0142+61 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer and found a linear polarization degree of 13.5 ± 0.8% averaged over the 2– to 8–kilo–electron volt band. The polarization changes with energy: The degree is 15.0 ± 1.0% at 2 to 4 kilo–electron volts, drops below the instrumental sensitivity ~4 to 5 kilo–electron volts, and rises to 35.2 ± 7.1% at 5.5 to 8 kilo–electron volts. The polarization angle also changes by 90° at ~4 to 5 kilo–electron volts. These results are consistent with a model in which thermal radiation from the magnetar surface is reprocessed by scattering off charged particles in the magnetosphere.

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Supplementary Materials

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Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S10
Tables S1 to S3
References (32–59)

References and Notes

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Published In

Science
Volume 378 | Issue 6620
11 November 2022

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.

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Received: 16 May 2022
Accepted: 18 October 2022
Published in print: 11 November 2022

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Acknowledgments

We thank three anonymous referees for helpful and constructive comments that improved the paper. This paper is based on observations made by the IXPE, a joint US and Italian mission. The US contribution to the IXPE mission is supported by NASA and led and managed by the MSFC with industry partner Ball Aerospace (contract NNM15AA18C). The Italian contribution is supported by ASI through contract ASI-OHBI-2017-12-I.0, agreements ASI-INAF-2017-12-H0 and ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0 and the SSDC with agreements ASI-INAF-2022-14-HH.0 and ASI-INFN 2021-43-HH.0, and by INAF and INFN. Data products were provided by the IXPE Team (MSFC, SSDC, INAF, and INFN) and distributed with additional software tools by the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) at NASA GSFC.
Funding: R.Ta. and R.Tu. acknowledge financial support from the Italian MUR through grant PRIN 2017LJ39LM. J.H., D.G.-C., I.C., and D.K. acknowledge the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), funding reference number 5007110, and the Canadian Space Agency. D.G.-C. is a Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysical (CITA) National Fellow (grant no. CITA 490888-16). E.G. and H.K. acknowledge NASA support under grants 80NSSC18K0264, 80NSSC22K1291, 80NSSC21K1817, and NNX16AC24G. M.Ne. acknowledges support from NASA under award 80GSFC21M0002. T.T. was supported by grant JSPS KAKENHI JP19H05609. F.Mu., J.R., S.B., E.Co., E.D.M., A.D.M., Y.E., S.F., R.F., F.L.M., G.M., M.Pe., A.R., P.So., and A.T. were supported by ASI and INAF under grants ASI-INAF-2017-12-H0 and ASI-INAF-2022-14-HH.0. L.B., L.L., R.Be., R.Bo., A.B., S.Ca., S.M., A.Mar., C.O., M.P.-R., C.S., and G.S. were supported by ASI and INFN under grants ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0 and ASI-INFN-2021-43-HH.0.
Author contributions: R.Ta., R.Tu., F.Mu., J.H., S.Z., L.B., J.R., and M.C.W. planned the observing campaign. R.Ta., R.Tu., F.Mu., J.H., S.Z., L.B., J.R., D.G.-C., M.B., I.C., N.D.L., E.G., D.K., H.K., M.Ne., M. Ng, N.O., A.Po., T.T., and K.U. analyzed the data. R.Ta., R.Tu., F.Mu., J.H., S.Z., L.B., J.R., D.G.-C., M.B., I.C., A.Po., T.T., and K.U. modeled the data. R.Ta., R.Tu., F.Mu., J.H., S.Z., L.B., J.R., D.G.-C., M.B., and A.Po. wrote the manuscript. V.D. and M.E. served as internal reviewers. All the other authors contributed to the design and science case of the IXPE mission and to the planning of the observations in this paper. All authors provided input and comments on the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.
Data and materials availability: The IXPE observation of 4U 0142+61 is available in the HEASARC IXPE Data Archive https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ixpe/archive/ under ObsID 01003299. The IXPE software is available at https://github.com/lucabaldini/ixpeobssim and documented at https://ixpeobssim.readthedocs.io. Our measured polarizations are listed in table S2, and the results of our model fitting are listed in tables S1 and S3. The code used for the equatorial belt simulation is available at https://github.com/robertotaverna/magMC and archived on Zenodo (31).
License information: Copyright © 2022 the authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original US government works. https://www.science.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse

Authors

Affiliations

Roberto Taverna* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-618X [email protected]
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, and Writing - review & editing.
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Roberto Turolla
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK.
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Writing - original draft, and Writing - review & editing.
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Fabio Muleri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3331-3794
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I-00133 Roma, Italy.
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing - original draft, and Writing - review & editing.
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Jeremy Heyl https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-367X
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, and Writing - review & editing.
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Silvia Zane https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5326-880X
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK.
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, and Writing - review & editing.
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Luca Baldini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9785-7726
Dipartimento di Fisica Enrico Fermi, Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
Roles: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, and Writing - review & editing.
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Denis González-Caniulef https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-0180
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Matteo Bachetti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4576-9337
Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, I-09047 Selargius, Italy.
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John Rankin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-0560
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I-00133 Roma, Italy.
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Ilaria Caiazzo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-5388
Theoretical AstroPhysics Including Relativity and Cosmology, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Niccolò Di Lalla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-1298
Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Victor Doroshenko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-1105
Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Manel Errando https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-863X
Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Ephraim Gau https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-2710
Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Demet Kırmızıbayrak https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-740X
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Henric Krawczynski https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-6507
Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Michela Negro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-5622
Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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Mason Ng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-6563
Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Nicola Omodei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-7577
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Andrea Possenti https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5902-3731
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Toru Tamagawa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8801-6263
RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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Keisuke Uchiyama https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-9389
RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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Martin C. Weisskopf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-4240
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Ivan Agudo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-6182
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Lucio A. Antonelli
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy.
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INFN Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, INAF, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
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Fiamma Capitanio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-3027
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I-00133 Roma, Italy.
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Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I-00133 Roma, Italy.
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Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I-00133 Roma, Italy.
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ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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Sergio Fabiani
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I-00133 Roma, Italy.
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Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Kiyoshi Hayashida
Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Deceased.
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Wataru Iwakiri
Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
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Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Patrick Slane
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Paolo Soffitta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-4104
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I-00133 Roma, Italy.
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Allyn F. Tennant https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-6774
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK.
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Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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Funding Information

Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica: ASI-INAF-2022-14-HH.0

Notes

*
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

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