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A massive stellar bulge in a regularly rotating galaxy 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang

Federico Lelli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-9883 [email protected], Enrico M. Di Teodoro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-0673, Filippo Fraternali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-3230, Allison W. S. Man https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-124X, Zhi-Yu Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7299-2876, Carlos De Breuck https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-3315, Timothy A. Davis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-9379, and Roberto Maiolino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4985-3819
Science • 12 Feb 2021 • Vol 371, Issue 6530 • pp. 713-716 • DOI: 10.1126/science.abc1893
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Early assembly of a galaxy disk and bulge

Galaxy formation in the early Universe is thought to have been a chaotic process, producing disturbed and asymmetric galaxy morphologies. Over billions of years, galaxies dynamically relaxed to form stable morphological features. Lelli et al. observed a distant galaxy at a redshift when the Universe was 1.2 billion years old (see the Perspective by Wardlow). They used gas and dust emission to measure its kinematics, and then modeled the mass distribution within the galaxy. The authors found that the galaxy contains a massive stellar bulge and a regularly rotating disk, features that models predict take billions of years to form. These results indicate that galaxy evolution is a more rapid process than previously thought.
Science, this issue p. 713; see also p. 674

Abstract

Cosmological models predict that galaxies forming in the early Universe experience a chaotic phase of gas accretion and star formation, followed by gas ejection due to feedback processes. Galaxy bulges may assemble later via mergers or internal evolution. Here we present submillimeter observations (with spatial resolution of 700 parsecs) of ALESS 073.1, a starburst galaxy at redshift z≃5 when the Universe was 1.2 billion years old. This galaxy’s cold gas forms a regularly rotating disk with negligible noncircular motions. The galaxy rotation curve requires the presence of a central bulge in addition to a star-forming disk. We conclude that massive bulges and regularly rotating disks can form more rapidly in the early Universe than predicted by models of galaxy formation.
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Supplementary Material

Summary

Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S6
Tables S1 and S2
References (31–72)
Data S1 to S8

Resources

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File (abc1893_lelli_sm.pdf)
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Volume 371 | Issue 6530
12 February 2021

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Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Received: 10 April 2020
Accepted: 17 December 2020
Published in print: 12 February 2021

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Acknowledgments

We thank L. Legrand and H. Übler for providing tabular data from their publications. F.L. thanks P. Li for technical support with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting code. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. Funding: F.L. was supported by an ESO fellowship during the initial stages of this project. E.M.D.T. was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant 1616177. F.F. acknowledges support from the Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award Programme of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. A.W.S.M. is supported by a Dunlap Fellowship at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, funded through an endowment established by the David Dunlap family and the University of Toronto. R.M. acknowledges ERC Advanced Grant 695671 “QUENCH” and support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). Author contributions: F.L.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, software, validation, visualization, writing – original draft. E.M.D.T.: conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, software, visualization, writing – review & editing. F.F.: conceptualization, methodology, software, writing – review & editing. A.W.S.M.: formal analysis, writing – review & editing. Z.-Y.Z.: formal analysis, writing – review & editing. C.D.B.: data curation, writing – review & editing. T.A.D.: resources, writing – review & editing. R.M.: resources, writing – review & editing. Competing interests: We have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: The ALMA data are available at https://almascience.eso.org/asax/ under project codes ADS/JAO.ALMA 2017.1.01471.S, 2015.1.00456.S, and 2011.0.00124.S. The Hubble Space Telescope data are available at https://archive.stsci.edu/hst/ (proposal ID 12061, dataset ibeuglqlq). Supplementary data files contain the observed [C ii] data cube (data S1), the [C ii] moment maps (data S2 and S3), the model outputs from 3dbarolo (data S4 to S6), the model outputs from galfit (data S7), and the best-fitting mass model (data S8).

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Affiliations

Federico Lelli* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-9883 [email protected]
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Florence 50125, Italy.
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Enrico M. Di Teodoro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-0673
Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Filippo Fraternali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-3230
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 AV, Netherlands.
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Allison W. S. Man https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-124X
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada.
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Zhi-Yu Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7299-2876
School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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Carlos De Breuck https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-3315
European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München 85748, Germany.
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Timothy A. Davis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-9379
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
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Roberto Maiolino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4985-3819
Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK.
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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Notes

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

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