Gravitational lensing reveals ionizing ultraviolet photons escaping from a distant galaxy
Ionizing photons escape a lensed galaxy
Young, hot stars emit ultraviolet radiation, which can ionize a neutral gas. The first generation of stars converted most of the intergalactic gas in the Universe from neutral to ionized form during the epoch of reionization less than a billion years after the Big Bang. Rivera-Thorsen et al. took advantage of a gravitational lensing system to observe 12 images of the same star-forming region in a distant galaxy and determined the fraction of ultraviolet photons that escape into the intergalactic medium. Although this galaxy is younger than the epoch of reionization, the results provide clues about how ultraviolet photons escape their host galaxies and contribute to the reionization process.
Science, this issue p. 738
Abstract
During the epoch of reionization, neutral gas in the early Universe was ionized by hard ultraviolet radiation emitted by young stars in the first galaxies. To do so, ionizing ultraviolet photons must escape from the host galaxy. We present Hubble Space Telescope observations of the gravitationally lensed post-reionization galaxy PSZ1-ARC G311.6602–18.4624 (nicknamed the “Sunburst Arc”), revealing bright, multiply imaged ionizing photon escape from a compact star-forming region through a narrow channel in an optically thick gas. The gravitational lensing magnification shows how ionizing photons escape this galaxy, contributing to the reionization of the Universe. The multiple sight lines to the source probe absorption by intergalactic neutral hydrogen on a scale of less than a few hundred parsecs.
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Supplementary Material
Summary
Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S6
Data S1
Resources
File (aaw0978-rivera-thorsen-sm.pdf)
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Volume 366 | Issue 6466
8 November 2019
8 November 2019
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Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Received: 21 November 2018
Accepted: 17 October 2019
Published in print: 8 November 2019
Acknowledgments
E.R.-T. thanks Stockholm University for their kind hospitality, M. Hayes and A. Adamo for informative and helpful conversations, and K. Vasei and coauthors for generously sharing their intermediate science products. Funding: E.R.-T. and H.D. acknowledge support from the Research Council of Norway. M.G. was supported by NASA through NASA Hubble Fellowship grant no. HST-HF2-51409 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA under contract no. NAS5-26555. J.R. was funded as a NASA civil servant, with additional funding provided through NASA Hubble Space Telescope Guest Observer grants. Author contributions: E.R.-T. led the project and writing of the manuscript, with input and feedback from all coauthors, especially H.D. and M.G. E.R.-T. made the figures. H.D. wrote the HST proposals leading to the F275W and F814W observations, assisted by E.R.-T. M.K.F. reduced and combined the images in both filters. E.R.-T. performed photometry and computed escape fractions and transverse line-of-sight distances. J.C. performed stellar population synthesis based on spectroscopic observations made by J.R. and M.B and reduced by J.R. M.D.G. constructed the spatial model of flux in the MagE aperture. K.S. and G.M. produced the lens model. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: Raw Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 F275W and ACS F814W observations with calibration data are available at the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes http://archive.stsci.edu/hst/search.php under proposal IDs 15418 (F275W) and 15101 (F814W). Raw Magellan/MagE observations and corresponding calibration data are available at Figshare (25). The lens model was generated with the publicly available code LENSTOOL (26); our model parameter file, along with a DS9 region file showing the critical curves of the model, is available in supplemental data S1. Scripts used to generate the stellar population models are available at Zenodo (27).
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