Observation of second sound in graphite at temperatures above 100 K
Graphite gets a second sound
Between the two extremes of ballistic and diffusive lattice thermal transport is the potential for an exotic wave-like state known as second sound. Huberman et al. used fast, transient thermal grating measurements to show the existence of second sound in graphite between 85 and 125 kelvin (see the Perspective by Shi). Previous observations of second sound have been rare, confined to isotopically pure materials at very low temperatures. The observation of second sound in graphite is likely due to its layered nature, suggesting that this thermal transport mode may be accessible in other two-dimensional materials.
Abstract
Wavelike thermal transport in solids, referred to as second sound, is an exotic phenomenon previously limited to a handful of materials at low temperatures. The rare occurrence of this effect restricted its scientific and practical importance. We directly observed second sound in graphite at temperatures above 100 kelvins by using time-resolved optical measurements of thermal transport on the micrometer-length scale. Our experimental results are in qualitative agreement with ab initio calculations that predict wavelike phonon hydrodynamics. We believe that these results potentially indicate an important role of second sound in microscale transient heat transport in two-dimensional and layered materials in a wide temperature range.
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Supplementary Material
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Materials and Methods
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Volume 364 | Issue 6438
26 April 2019
26 April 2019
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Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Submission history
Received: 7 September 2018
Accepted: 4 March 2019
Published in print: 26 April 2019
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to L. Paulatto for his help with the construction of the scattering matrix. Funding: This work is supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under MURI grant N00014-16-1-2436 (G.C. for high thermal conductivity materials, including phonon hydrodynamics); in part by the Solid State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under award DE-SC0001299 (G.C. for thermoelectric materials); and in part by the NSF EFRI 2-DARE grant EFMA-1542864 (K.A.N. for thermal transport in 2D materials). Author contributions: The project was proposed by S.H. and R.A.D., who led the theoretical and experimental work, respectively, with a substantial experimental contribution by K.C. and B.S., theoretical contributions by V.C. and Z.D., and guidance from A.A.M., G.C., and K.A.N. All the participants contributed to the writing of the paper. Competing interests: None. Data and materials availability: All data are available in the main text or the supplementary materials.
Authors
Funding Information
National Science Foundation: EFMA-1542864
Office of Naval Research: N00014-16-1-2436
U.S. Department of Energy: DE-SC0001299
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