A sustainable wood biorefinery for low–carbon footprint chemicals production
Every twig and splinter used
Plant-based production of commodity chemicals faces steep competition from fossil resources, which are often cheaper and easier to partition. Sustainable use of renewable resources requires strategies for converting complex and recalcitrant biomolecules into streams of chemicals with extraordinary efficiency. Liao et al. developed a biorefinery concept in which wood is eventually fully converted into useful chemicals: phenol, propylene, pulp amenable to ethanol production, and phenolic oligomers that can be incorporated into ink production (see the Perspective by Zhang). A life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis highlight the efficiency of the process and reveal the potential for such biorefinery strategies to contribute to sustainable chemicals markets.
Abstract
The profitability and sustainability of future biorefineries are dependent on efficient feedstock use. Therefore, it is essential to valorize lignin when using wood. We have developed an integrated biorefinery that converts 78 weight % (wt %) of birch into xylochemicals. Reductive catalytic fractionation of the wood produces a carbohydrate pulp amenable to bioethanol production and a lignin oil. After extraction of the lignin oil, the crude, unseparated mixture of phenolic monomers is catalytically funneled into 20 wt % of phenol and 9 wt % of propylene (on the basis of lignin weight) by gas-phase hydroprocessing and dealkylation; the residual phenolic oligomers (30 wt %) are used in printing ink as replacements for controversial para-nonylphenol. A techno-economic analysis predicts an economically competitive production process, and a life-cycle assessment estimates a lower carbon dioxide footprint relative to that of fossil-based production.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Already a Subscriber?Sign In
Supplementary Material
Summary
Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S53
Tables S1 to S14
Resources
File (aau1567_liao_sm.pdf)
References and Notes
1
J.-F. Bastin, Y. Finegold, C. Garcia, D. Mollicone, M. Rezende, D. Routh, C. M. Zohner, T. W. Crowther, The global tree restoration potential. Science 365, 76–79 (2019).
2
K. Van Meerbeek, B. Muys, M. Hermy, Lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy beyond intensive cropland and forests. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 102, 139–149 (2019).
3
T. Werpy, G. Petersen, “Top value added chemicals from biomass: Volume I—Results of screening for potential candidates from sugars and synthesis gas” (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2004); www.osti.gov/biblio/15008859.
4
J. E. Holladay, J. F. White, J. J. Bozell, D. Johnson, “Top value-added chemicals from biomass: Volume II—Results of screening for potential candidates from biorefinery lignin” (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2007); www.osti.gov/biblio/921839.
5
A. Kätelhön, R. Meys, S. Deutz, S. Suh, A. Bardow, Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 11187–11194 (2019).
6
International Energy Agency, “The future of petrochemicals: Towards more sustainable plastics and fertilisers” (IEA Publications, 2018); www.connaissancedesenergies.org/sites/default/files/pdf-actualites/the_future_of_petrochemicals.pdf.
7
D. M. Alonso, S. H. Hakim, S. Zhou, W. Won, O. Hosseinaei, J. Tao, V. Garcia-Negron, A. H. Motagamwala, M. A. Mellmer, K. Huang, C. J. Houtman, N. Labbé, D. P. Harper, C. Maravelias, T. Runge, J. A. Dumesic, Increasing the revenue from lignocellulosic biomass: Maximizing feedstock utilization. Sci. Adv. 3, e1603301 (2017).
8
A. J. Ragauskas, G. T. Beckham, M. J. Biddy, R. Chandra, F. Chen, M. F. Davis, B. H. Davison, R. A. Dixon, P. Gilna, M. Keller, P. Langan, A. K. Naskar, J. N. Saddler, T. J. Tschaplinski, G. A. Tuskan, C. E. Wyman, Lignin valorization: Improving lignin processing in the biorefinery. Science 344, 1246843 (2014).
9
C. Li, X. Zhao, A. Wang, G. W. Huber, T. Zhang, Catalytic transformation of lignin for the production of chemicals and fuels. Chem. Rev. 115, 11559–11624 (2015).
10
Z. Sun, B. Fridrich, A. de Santi, S. Elangovan, K. Barta, Bright side of lignin depolymerization: Toward new platform chemicals. Chem. Rev. 118, 614–678 (2018).
11
J. G. Linger, D. R. Vardon, M. T. Guarnieri, E. M. Karp, G. B. Hunsinger, M. A. Franden, C. W. Johnson, G. Chupka, T. J. Strathmann, P. T. Pienkos, G. T. Beckham, Lignin valorization through integrated biological funneling and chemical catalysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 12013–12018 (2014).
12
I. Kumaniaev, E. Subbotina, J. Sävmarker, M. Larhed, M. V. Galkin, J. S. M. Samec, Lignin depolymerization to monophenolic compounds in a flow-through system. Green Chem. 19, 5767–5771 (2017).
13
E. M. Anderson, M. L. Stone, R. Katahira, M. Reed, G. T. Beckham, Y. Román-Leshkov, Flowthrough reductive catalytic fractionation of biomass. Joule 1, 613–622 (2017).
14
W. Schutyser, T. Renders, S. Van den Bosch, S.-F. Koelewijn, G. T. Beckham, B. F. Sels, Chemicals from lignin: An interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 852–908 (2018).
15
Q. Song, F. Wang, J. Cai, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, W. Yu, J. Xu, Lignin depolymerization (LDP) in alcohol over nickel-based catalysts via a fragmentation–hydrogenolysis process. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 994–1007 (2013).
16
S. Van den Bosch, W. Schutyser, R. Vanholme, T. Driessen, S.-F. Koelewijn, T. Renders, B. De Meester, W. Huijgen, W. Dehaen, C. Courtin, B. Lagrain, W. Boerjan, B. F. Sels, Reductive lignocellulose fractionation into soluble lignin-derived phenolic monomers and dimers and processable carbohydrate pulps. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1748–1763 (2015).
17
A. Vuori, J. B. Bredenberg, Hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking of the carbon-oxygen bond. 5. hydrogenolysis of 4-propylguaiacol by sulfided CoO-MoO3/γ-Al2O3. Holzforschung 38, 253–262 (1984).
18
N. Joshi, A. Lawal, Hydrodeoxygenation of 4-propylguaiacol (2-methoxy-4-propylphenol) in a microreactor: Performance and kinetic studies. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 4049–4058 (2013).
19
H. L. Chum, D. K. Johnson, S. Black, M. Ratcliff, D. W. Goheen, in Advances in Solar Energy: An Annual Review of Research and Development, K. W. Böer, Ed. (Springer, 1988), pp. 91–200.
20
X. Liu, C. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Qiao, Y. Pan, L. Ma, Selective Preparation of 4-Alkylphenol from Lignin-Derived Phenols and Raw Biomass over Magnetic [email protected] Carbon Catalysts. ChemSusChem 12, 4791–4798 (2019).
21
D. Verboekend, Y. Liao, W. Schutyser, B. F. Sels, Alkylphenols to phenol and olefins by zeolite catalysis: A pathway to valorize raw and fossilized lignocellulose. Green Chem. 18, 297–306 (2016).
22
Y. Liao, R. Zhong, E. Makshina, M. d’Halluin, Y. van Limbergen, D. Verboekend, B. F. Sels, Propylphenol to phenol and propylene over acidic zeolites: Role of shape selectivity and presence of steam. ACS Catal. 8, 7861–7878 (2018).
23
H. Sixta, Handbook of Pulp (Wiley, 2006).
24
S. Schiavoni, F. D’Alessandro, F. Bianchi, F. Asdrubali, Insulation materials for the building sector: A review and comparative analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 62, 988–1011 (2016).
25
A. Soares, B. Guieysse, B. Jefferson, E. Cartmell, J. N. Lester, Nonylphenol in the environment: A critical review on occurrence, fate, toxicity and treatment in wastewaters. Environ. Int. 34, 1033–1049 (2008).
26
T. Renders, W. Schutyser, S. Van den Bosch, S. F. Koelewijn, T. Vangeel, C. M. Courtin, B. F. Sels, Influence of acidic (H3PO4) and alkaline (NaOH) additives on the catalytic reductive fractionation of lignocellulose. ACS Catal. 6, 2055–2066 (2016).
27
C. W. Dence, in Methods in Lignin Chemistry, S. Y. Lin, C. W. Dence, Eds. (Springer, 1992), pp. 33–61.
28
J. Snelders, E. Dornez, B. Benjelloun-Mlayah, W. J. J. Huijgen, P. J. de Wild, R. J. A. Gosselink, J. Gerritsma, C. M. Courtin, Biorefining of wheat straw using an acetic and formic acid based organosolv fractionation process. Bioresour. Technol. 156, 275–282 (2014).
29
C. M. Courtin, H. Van den Broeck, J. A. Delcour, Determination of reducing end sugar residues in oligo- and polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 866, 97–104 (2000).
30
C. Gourson, R. Benhaddou, R. Granet, P. Krausz, B. Verneuil, P. Branland, G. Chauvelon, J. F. Thibault, L. Saulnier, Valorization of maize bran to obtain biodegradable plastic films. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 74, 3040–3045 (1999).
31
A. M. Silvestre-Albero, J. M. Juárez-Galán, J. Silvestre-Albero, F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, Low-pressure hysteresis in adsorption: An artifact? J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 16652–16655 (2012).
32
C. A. Emeis, Determination of integrated molar extinction coefficients for infrared-absorption bands of pyridine adsorbed on solid acid catalysts. J. Catal. 141, 347–354 (1993).
33
L. A. Colón, L. J. Baird, in Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, R. L. Grob, E. F. Barry, Eds. (Wiley, ed. 4, 2004), pp. 275–337.
34
X. Meng, C. Crestini, H. Ben, N. Hao, Y. Pu, A. J. Ragauskas, D. S. Argyropoulos, Determination of hydroxyl groups in biorefinery resources via quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy. Nat. Protoc. 14, 2627–2647 (2019).
35
P. Korntner, I. Sumerskii, M. Bacher, T. Rosenau, A. Potthast, Characterization of technical lignins by NMR spectroscopy: Optimization of functional group analysis by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Holzforschung 69, 807–814 (2015).
36
W. Schutyser, S. Van den Bosch, J. Dijkmans, S. Turner, M. Meledina, G. Van Tendeloo, D. P. Debecker, B. F. Sels, Selective nickel-catalyzed conversion of model and lignin-derived phenolic compounds to cyclohexanone-based polymer building blocks. ChemSusChem 8, 1805–1818 (2015).
37
N. Dowe, J. McMillan, “SSF experimental protocols: Lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and fermentation” (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2001); www.nrel.gov/docs/gen/fy08/42630.pdf.
38
X. Ju, M. Bowden, M. Engelhard, X. Zhang, Investigating commercial cellulase performances toward specific biomass recalcitrance factors using reference substrates. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98, 4409–4420 (2014).
39
M. M. Demeke, H. Dietz, Y. Li, M. R. Foulquié-Moreno, S. Mutturi, S. Deprez, T. Den Abt, B. M. Bonini, G. Liden, F. Dumortier, A. Verplaetse, E. Boles, J. M. Thevelein, Development of a D-xylose fermenting and inhibitor tolerant industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with high performance in lignocellulose hydrolysates using metabolic and evolutionary engineering. Biotechnol. Biofuels 6, 89 (2013).
40
M. M. Demeke, F. Dumortier, Y. Li, T. Broeckx, M. R. Foulquié-Moreno, J. M. Thevelein, Combining inhibitor tolerance and D-xylose fermentation in industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient lignocellulose-based bioethanol production. Biotechnol. Biofuels 6, 120 (2013).
41
Y.-B. Ha, M. Y. Jin, S.-S. Oh, D.-H. Ryu, Synthesis of an environmentally friendly phenol-free resin for printing ink. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 33, 3413–3416 (2012).
42
R. B. Bird, R. C. Armstrong, O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Volume 1: Fluid Mechanics (Wiley, 1987).
43
J. R. Couper, W. R. Penney, J. R. Fair, Chemical Process Equipment-Selection and Design (Revised 2nd Edition) (Gulf Professional Publishing, 2009).
44
M. Weber, M. Weber, M. Kleine-Boymann, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley, 2004), pp. 503–519.
45
Ecoinvent, version 3.3; www.ecoinvent.org/.
46
ThinkStep GaBi Professional Database 2016; www.gabi-software.com/america/databases/gabi-databases/professional/.
47
Plastics Europe, “Phenol and acetone CEFIC petrochemicals Europe –Phenol and acetone sector group September 2016” (2016); www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EPD-Phenol-Acetone-10-16.pdf.
48
P. Nuss, M. J. Eckelman, Life cycle assessment of metals: A scientific synthesis. PLOS ONE 9, e101298 (2014).
49
F. Zhu, J. A. Johnson, D. W. Ablin, G. A. Ernst, Efficient Petrochemical Processes: Technology, Design and Operation (Wiley, 2019).
50
R. J. Schmidt, Industrial catalytic processes—phenol production. Appl. Catal. A. 280, 89–103 (2005).
51
R. Bal, M. Tada, T. Sasaki, Y. Iwasawa, Direct phenol synthesis by selective oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen on an interstitial-N/Re cluster/zeolite catalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 448–452 (2006).
52
C. O. Tuck, E. Pérez, I. T. Horváth, R. A. Sheldon, M. Poliakoff, Valorization of biomass: Deriving more value from waste. Science 337, 695–699 (2012).
53
R. Rinaldi, R. Jastrzebski, M. T. Clough, J. Ralph, M. Kennema, P. C. A. Bruijnincx, B. M. Weckhuysen, Paving the way for lignin valorisation: Recent advances in bioengineering, biorefining and catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 8164–8215 (2016).
54
G. J. Snell, D. T. Huibers, U.S. Patent US4409416A (1983).
55
M. Wang, M. Liu, H. Li, Z. Zhao, X. Zhang, F. Wang, Dealkylation of lignin to phenol via oxidation-hydrogenation strategy. ACS Catal. 8, 6837–6843 (2018).
56
G. J. Snell, D. T. Huibers, U.S. Patent US4420644A (1983).
57
P. Ferrini, R. Rinaldi, Catalytic biorefining of plant biomass to non-pyrolytic lignin bio-oil and carbohydrates through hydrogen transfer reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 8634–8639 (2014).
58
L. Shuai, M. T. Amiri, Y. M. Questell-Santiago, F. Héroguel, Y. Li, H. Kim, R. Meilan, C. Chapple, J. Ralph, J. S. Luterbacher, Formaldehyde stabilization facilitates lignin monomer production during biomass depolymerization. Science 354, 329–333 (2016).
59
L. D. Eltis, R. Singh, in Lignin Valorization: Emerging Approaches, G. T. Beckham, Ed. (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018), pp. 290–313.
60
T. Nimmanwudipong, R. C. Runnebaum, D. E. Block, B. C. Gates, Catalytic conversion of guaiacol catalyzed by platinum supported on alumina: Reaction network including hydrodeoxygenation reactions. Energy Fuels 25, 3417–3427 (2011).
61
M. B. Griffin, F. G. Baddour, S. E. Habas, D. A. Ruddy, J. A. Schaidle, Evaluation of silica-supported metal and metal phosphide nanoparticle catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol under ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis conditions. Top. Catal. 59, 124–137 (2016).
62
M. Saidi, F. Samimi, D. Karimipourfard, T. Nimmanwudipong, B. C. Gates, M. R. Rahimpour, Upgrading of lignin-derived bio-oils by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 103–129 (2014).
63
W. Schutyser, G. Van den Bossche, A. Raaffels, S. Van den Bosch, S.-F. Koelewijn, T. Renders, B. F. Sels, Selective conversion of lignin-derivable 4-alkylguaiacols to 4-alkylcyclohexanols over noble and non-noble-metal catalysts. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4, 5336–5346 (2016).
64
G.-Y. Xu, J.-H. Guo, Y.-C. Qu, Y. Zhang, Y. Fu, Q.-X. Guo, Selective hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenols to alkyl cyclohexanols over a Ru-solid base bifunctional catalyst. Green Chem. 18, 5510–5517 (2016).
65
Y. Nakagawa, M. Ishikawa, M. Tamura, K. Tomishige, Selective production of cyclohexanol and methanol from guaiacol over Ru catalyst combined with MgO. Green Chem. 16, 2197–2203 (2014).
66
L. Ber, ánek, M., Kraus, Catalytic dealkylation of alkylaromatic compounds. XIV. The effect of structure of monoalkylbenzenes on their reactivity in hydrodealkylation on a nickel catalyst. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 31, 566–575 (1966).
67
V. N. Bui, D. Laurenti, P. Afanasiev, C. Geantet, Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol with CoMo catalysts. Part I: Promoting effect of cobalt on HDO selectivity and activity. Appl. Catal. B 101, 239–245 (2011).
68
V. N. Bui, D. Laurenti, P. Delichère, C. Geantet, Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol: Part II: Support effect for CoMoS catalysts on HDO activity and selectivity. Appl. Catal. B 101, 246–255 (2011).
69
X. Zhang, Q. Zhang, T. Wang, L. Ma, Y. Yu, L. Chen, Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenolic compounds to hydrocarbons over Ni/SiO2-ZrO2 catalysts. Bioresour. Technol. 134, 73–80 (2013).
70
J. Bredenberg, R. Ceylan, Hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking of the carbon-oxygen bond. 3. Thermolysis in tetralin of substituted anisoles. Fuel 62, 342–344 (1983).
71
A. Demirbaş, Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass. Energy Convers. Manage. 41, 633–646 (2000).
72
R. N. Olcese, M. Bettahar, D. Petitjean, B. Malaman, F. Giovanella, A. Dufour, Gas-phase hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol over Fe/SiO2 catalyst. Appl. Catal. B 115–116, 63–73 (2012).
73
S. Song, J. Zhang, G. Gözaydın, N. Yan, Production of terephthalic acid from corn stover lignin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 131, 4988–4991 (2019).
74
L. Dong, Y. Xin, X. Liu, Y. Guo, C.-W. Pao, J.-L. Chen, Y. Wang, Selective hydrodeoxygenation of lignin oil to valuable phenolics over Au/Nb2O5 in water. Green Chem. 21, 3081–3090 (2019).
75
R. Srivastava, M. Choi, R. Ryoo, Mesoporous materials with zeolite framework: Remarkable effect of the hierarchical structure for retardation of catalyst deactivation. Chem. Commun. 2006 4489–4491 (2006).
76
F. Imbert, M. Guisnet, S. Gnep, Comparison of Cresol Transformation on USHY and HZSM-5. J. Catal. 195, 279–286 (2000).
77
H. Fiege, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley, 2000), pp. 419–461.
78
P. L. Spath, M. K. Mann, “Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via natural gas steam reforming” (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2000); www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f12/27637.pdf.
79
E. Cetinkaya, I. Dincer, G. Naterer, Life cycle assessment of various hydrogen production methods. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37, 2071–2080 (2012).
80
J. Pérez-Ramírez, C. H. Christensen, K. Egeblad, C. H. Christensen, J. C. Groen, Hierarchical zeolites: Enhanced utilisation of microporous crystals in catalysis by advances in materials design. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 2530–2542 (2008).
81
The Mol-Instincts Database; www.molinstincts.com.
82
J. Kanai, J. A. Martens, P. A. Jacobs, On the nature of the active sites for ethylene hydrogenation in metal-free zeolites. J. Catal. 133, 527–543 (1992).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Science
Volume 367 | Issue 6484
20 March 2020
20 March 2020
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.
Article versions
You are viewing the most recent version of this article.
Submission history
Received: 21 May 2018
Accepted: 4 February 2020
Published in print: 20 March 2020
Acknowledgments
We thank W. Vermandel for his assistance in producing lignin oil and R. Ooms and J. Maes for technical assistance during the catalytic testing. Funding: Y.L., G.V.d.B., D.V., J.V.A., and B.L. acknowledge funding from the China Scholarship Council (201404910467), Catalisti-ICON project MAIA (Flemish government), Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (FWO) (postdoc), Flanders Innovation & Entrepreneurship (innovation mandate - postdoc), and the Industrial Research Fund KU Leuven (IOF fellow), respectively. S.-F.K. acknowledges Catalisti cSBO ARBOREF and BIO-HArT (Interreg VA Vlaanderen-Nederland) funding from the Flemish government. K.V.Ae. acknowledges funding from FWO-SBO project Biowood (S003518N). T.R. acknowledges KU Leuven internal research funds for a postdoctoral mandate (PDM). S.V.d.B. acknowledges funding from KU Leuven internal research funds for a PDM, the Flemish government for the FWO-SBO project Biowood, and Flanders Innovation & Entrepreneurship (innovation mandate - postdoc). T.N. and J.M.T. acknowledge ARBOREF. Funding by BIOFACT (FNRS – FWO EOS project G0H0918N), supporting lignin conversion, is also acknowledged. Author contributions: Y.L. and B.F.S. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. Y.L. carried out the experimental work of the main catalysis research, and catalyst characterization and interpretation was assisted by D.V. S.-F.K. performed the liquid-liquid extraction separation work. G.V.d.B. and T.R. performed and interpreted the wood composition analysis and the processing experiments, according to the lignin-first concept, and the preparation and analysis of a large batch of isolated lignin-first phenolic monomers. J.V.A., S.V.d.B., and B.L. composed and focused on the TEA with the kind assistance of Exyte. K.N. and K.V.Ac. performed the LCA. T.N. and J.M.T. performed the fermentation of the lignin-first carbohydrate pulp to bioethanol. K.V.Ae. conducted the characterization and analysis of phenolic oligomers. M.M. and H.M. performed the production and characterization of the renewable resin and ink varnish. The text was initially composed by B.F.S., Y.L., S.-F.K., and G.V.d.B., and all authors further contributed to the discussion of the experimental work and the final version of the manuscript. Competing interests: Y.L., B.F.S., J.V.A., and S.V.d.B. are inventors on a patent application [attorney docket number 292-P15233US (ZL919134)], held and submitted by KU Leuven, that covers lignocellulose refinery. Data and materials availability: All data needed to support the conclusions of this manuscript are included in the main text or supplementary materials.
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Article Usage
Altmetrics
Citations
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citation of this publication.
Cited by
- Cytochromes P450 in the biocatalytic valorization of lignin, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 73, (43-50), (2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.022
- In-situ oxidation/reduction facilitates one-pot conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bulk chemicals in alkaline solution, Chemical Engineering Journal, 429, (132365), (2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132365
- Self-hydrogen transfer hydrogenolysis of native lignin over Pd-PdO/TiO2, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 301, (120767), (2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120767
- Unveiling structure-function relationships in deep eutectic solvents based biomimetic catalysis for aerobic oxidative desulfurization, Fuel, 308, (122070), (2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122070
- Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol as a model compound of pyrolysis lignin-oil over NiCo bimetallic catalyst: Reactivity and kinetic study, Fuel, 308, (122034), (2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122034
- The role of machine learning to boost the bioenergy and biofuels conversion, Bioresource Technology, 343, (126099), (2022).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126099
- A catalytic approach via retro-aldol condensation of glucose to furanic compounds , Green Chemistry, (2021).https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC01429C
- Electrochemical upgrading of depolymerized lignin: a review of model compound studies, Green Chemistry, 23, 8, (2868-2899), (2021).https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC04127K
- From stabilization strategies to tailor-made lignin macromolecules and oligomers for materials, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 28, (100438), (2021).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.100438
- Review of life cycle assessments of lignin and derived products: Lessons learned, Science of The Total Environment, 770, (144656), (2021).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144656
- See more
Loading...
View Options
Get Access
Log in to view the full text
AAAS login provides access to Science for AAAS members, and access to other journals in the Science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions.
- Become a AAAS Member
- Activate your Account
- Purchase Access to Other Journals in the Science Family
- Account Help
Log in via OpenAthens.
Log in via Shibboleth.
More options
Register for free to read this article
As a service to the community, this article is available for free. Login or register for free to read this article.
Buy a single issue of Science for just $15 USD.
View options
PDF format
Download this article as a PDF file
Download PDF