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Electrical generation and detection of spin waves in a quantum Hall ferromagnet

Di S. Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-3413, Toeno van der Sar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-4808, Seung Hwan Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5322-3978, Kenji Watanabe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-8119, Takashi Taniguchi, Bertrand I. Halperin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-1039, and Amir Yacoby https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5737-7963 [email protected]
Science • 12 Oct 2018 • Vol 362, Issue 6411 • pp. 229-233 • DOI: 10.1126/science.aar4061
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Magnons propagating in graphene

At sufficiently low temperatures, a two-dimensional electron system placed in an external magnetic field can exhibit the so-called quantum Hall effect. In this regime, a variety of magnetic phases may occur, depending on the electron density and other factors. Wei et al. studied the properties of these exotic magnetic phases in graphene. They generated magnons—the excitations of an ordered magnetic system—that were then absorbed by the sample, leaving a mark on its electrical conductance. The magnons were able to propagate across long distances through various magnetic phases in the bulk graphene.
Science, this issue p. 229

Abstract

Spin waves are collective excitations of magnetic systems. An attractive setting for studying long-lived spin-wave physics is the quantum Hall (QH) ferromagnet, which forms spontaneously in clean two-dimensional electron systems at low temperature and in a perpendicular magnetic field. We used out-of-equilibrium occupation of QH edge channels in graphene to excite and detect spin waves in magnetically ordered QH states. Our experiments provide direct evidence for long-distance spin-wave propagation through different ferromagnetic phases in the N = 0 Landau level, as well as across the insulating canted antiferromagnetic phase. Our results will enable experimental investigation of the fundamental magnetic properties of these exotic two-dimensional electron systems.
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Supplementary Material

Summary

Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S11
References (27–39)
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References and Notes

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Science
Volume 362 | Issue 6411
12 October 2018

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Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Received: 5 November 2017
Accepted: 19 August 2018
Published in print: 12 October 2018

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Acknowledgments

We thank A. H. Macdonald, J. D. Sanchez-Yamagishi, S. L. Tomarken, and S. P. Harvey for helpful discussions and feedback, X. Liu for fabrication help, and P. Kim for providing the transfer setup. Funding: Supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative through grant GBMF4531; the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences Office, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under award DE-SC0001819 (D.S.W. and T.v.d.S.); NSF Graduate Research Fellowship grant DGE1144152 (D.S.W.); the STC Center for Integrated Quantum Materials, NSF grant DMR-1231319 (B.I.H.); and the Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by MEXT, Japan, and JSPS KAKENHI grant JP15K21722 (K.W. and T.T.). Nanofabrication was performed at the Center for Nanoscale Systems at Harvard, supported in part by NSF NNIN award ECS-00335765. Author contributions: D.S.W., T.v.d.S., B.I.H., and A.Y. conceived and designed the experiments; D.S.W. fabricated the devices; D.S.W. and A.Y. performed the experiments; D.S.W., T.v.d.S., S.H.L., B.I.H., and A.Y. analyzed the data and wrote the paper; and K.W. and T.T. synthesized the hexagonal boron nitride crystals. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests. Data and materials availability: All measured data are available in the supplementary materials.

Authors

Affiliations

Di S. Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-3413
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Toeno van der Sar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-4808
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Present address: Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, Netherlands.
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Seung Hwan Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5322-3978
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Kenji Watanabe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-8119
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Takashi Taniguchi
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Bertrand I. Halperin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-1039
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Amir Yacoby† https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5737-7963 [email protected]
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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†Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

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