Protecting marine mammals, turtles, and birds by rebuilding global fisheries
Healthy fisheries can reduce bycatch
Bycatch of marine mammals, turtles, and birds during commercial fishing is a considerable threat. Activities intended to reduce bycatch are often thought to conflict with commercial fishing. However, Burgess et al. show that in the majority of cases, managing fishery stocks to best promote long-term sustainability would also reduce bycatch. Rebuilding fish stocks will naturally promote lower bycatch, and these factors together will facilitate sustainable profit generation from fish harvest.
Science, this issue p. 1255
Abstract
Reductions in global fishing pressure are needed to end overfishing of target species and maximize the value of fisheries. We ask whether such reductions would also be sufficient to protect non–target species threatened as bycatch. We compare changes in fishing pressure needed to maximize profits from 4713 target fish stocks—accounting for >75% of global catch—to changes in fishing pressure needed to reverse ongoing declines of 20 marine mammal, sea turtle, and seabird populations threatened as bycatch. We project that maximizing fishery profits would halt or reverse declines of approximately half of these threatened populations. Recovering the other populations would require substantially greater effort reductions or targeting improvements. Improving commercial fishery management could thus yield important collateral benefits for threatened bycatch species globally.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Already a Subscriber?Sign In
Supplementary Material
Summary
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S8
Table S1
Resources
References and Notes
1
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (FAO, 2016).
2
C. Costello, D. Ovando, T. Clavelle, C. K. Strauss, R. Hilborn, M. C. Melnychuk, T. A. Branch, S. D. Gaines, C. S. Szuwalski, R. B. Cabral, D. N. Rader, A. Leland, Global fishery prospects under contrasting management regimes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 5125–5129 (2016).
3
U. R. Sumaila, W. Cheung, A. Dyck, K. Gueye, L. Huang, V. Lam, D. Pauly, T. Srinivasan, W. Swartz, R. Watson, D. Zeller, Benefits of rebuilding global marine fisheries outweigh costs. PLOS ONE 7, e40542 (2012).
4
R. L. Lewison, L. B. Crowder, B. P. Wallace, J. E. Moore, T. Cox, R. Zydelis, S. McDonald, A. DiMatteo, D. C. Dunn, C. Y. Kot, R. Bjorkland, S. Kelez, C. Soykan, K. R. Stewart, M. Sims, A. Boustany, A. J. Read, P. Halpin, W. J. Nichols, C. Safina, Global patterns of marine mammal, seabird, and sea turtle bycatch reveal taxa-specific and cumulative megafauna hotspots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 5271–5276 (2014).
5
B. L. Taylor et al., Extinction is imminent for Mexico's endemic porpoise unless fishery bycatch is eliminated. Cons. Lett.
6
C. Pala, New Zealand’s endemic dolphins are hanging by a thread. Science 355, 559 (2017).
7
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2015; www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 13 December 2017).
8
K. C. James, R. L. Lewison, P. W. Dillingham, K. A. Curtis, J. E. Moore, Drivers of retention and discards of elasmobranch non-target catch. Environ. Conserv. 43, 3–12 (2016).
9
B. P. Wallace, S. S. Heppell, R. L. Lewison, S. Kelez, L. B. Crowder, Impacts of fisheries bycatch on loggerhead turtles worldwide inferred from reproductive value analyses. J. Appl. Ecol. 45, 1076–1085 (2008).
10
A. B. Bolten, L. B. Crowder, M. G. Dodd, S. L. MacPherson, J. A. Musick, B. A. Schroeder, B. E. Witherington, K. J. Long, M. L. Snover, Quantifying multiple threats to endangered species: An example from loggerhead sea turtles. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 295–301 (2011).
11
R. Hilborn, Pretty good yield and exploited fishes. Mar. Policy 34, 193–196 (2010).
12
R. L. Lewison, L. B. Crowder, Putting longline bycatch of sea turtles into perspective. Conserv. Biol. 21, 79–86 (2007).
13
N. M. Young, S. Iudicello, Worldwide bycatch of cetaceans: An evaluation of the most significant threats to cetaceans, the affected species and the geographic areas of high risk, and the recommended actions from various independent institutions. NOAA Technical Memorandum (NMFS-OPR-36), National Marine Fisheries Service, 2007.
14
C. S. Szuwalski, K. A. Vert-Pre, A. E. Punt, T. A. Branch, R. Hilborn, Examining common assumptions about recruitment: A meta-analysis of recruitment dynamics for worldwide marine fisheries. Fish Fish. 16, 633–648 (2015).
15
S. J. Hall, B. M. Mainprize, Managing by‐catch and discards: How much progress are we making and how can we do better? Fish Fish. 6, 134–155 (2005).
16
M. C. Melnychuk, E. Peterson, M. Elliott, R. Hilborn, Fisheries management impacts on target species status. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, 178–183 (2017).
17
J. A. Estes, M. Heithaus, D. J. McCauley, D. B. Rasher, B. Worm, Megafaunal impacts on structure and function of ocean ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 83–116 (2016).
18
C. Y. Kot et al., The State of The World’s Sea Turtles online database: Data provided by the SWOT team and hosted on OBIS-SEAMAP (Oceanic Society, IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group [MTSG], and Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University, 2015); http://seamap.env.duke.edu/swot (accessed 13 December 2017).
19
P. N. Halpin, A. Read, E. Fujioka, B. Best, B. Donnelly, L. Hazen, C. Kot, K. Urian, E. LaBrecque, A. Dimatteo, J. Cleary, C. Good, L. Crowder, K. D. Hyrenbach, OBIS-SEAMAP: The world data center for marine mammal, sea bird, and sea turtle distributions. Oceanography (Wash. D.C.) 22, 104–115 (2009).
20
H. Caswell, Matrix Population Models (Wiley, 2001).
21
N. Keyfitz, H. Caswell, Applied Mathematical Demography (Springer, 2005).
22
NMFS and USFWS (National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), Recovery plan for the Northwest Atlantic population of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), 2nd rev. (NMFS, Silver Spring, MD, 2008); www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/recovery/turtle_loggerhead_atlantic.pdf (accessed 13 December 2017).
23
B. P. Wallace, A. D. DiMatteo, B. J. Hurley, E. M. Finkbeiner, A. B. Bolten, M. Y. Chaloupka, B. J. Hutchinson, F. A. Abreu-Grobois, D. Amorocho, K. A. Bjorndal, J. Bourjea, B. W. Bowen, R. B. Dueñas, P. Casale, B. C. Choudhury, A. Costa, P. H. Dutton, A. Fallabrino, A. Girard, M. Girondot, M. H. Godfrey, M. Hamann, M. López-Mendilaharsu, M. A. Marcovaldi, J. A. Mortimer, J. A. Musick, R. Nel, N. J. Pilcher, J. A. Seminoff, S. Troëng, B. Witherington, R. B. Mast, Regional management units for marine turtles: A novel framework for prioritizing conservation and research across multiple scales. PLOS ONE 5, e15465 (2010).
24
D. Ricard, C. Minto, O. P. Jensen, J. K. Baum, Examining the knowledge base and status of commercially exploited marine species with the RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database. Fish Fish. 13, 380–398 (2012).
25
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAO Statistics and Information Service of the Fisheries and Agriculture Department: Total Fishery Production 1950–2012 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2014).
26
FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Review of the state of world marine fishery resources (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2011).
27
J. J. Pella, P. K. Tomlinson, A generalized stock production model. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 13, 419–496 (1969).
28
S. Martell, R. Froese, A simple method for estimating MSY from catch and resilience. Fish Fish. 14, 504–514 (2013).
29
M. C. Melnychuk, T. Clavelle, B. Owashi, K. Strauss, Reconstruction of global ex-vessel prices of fished species. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74, 121–133 (2017).
30
S. A. Ceriani, A. B. Meylan, Caretta caretta (North West Atlantic subpopulation) (amended version published in 2015). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T84131194A119339029; (accessed 13 December 2017).
31
A. D. Mazaris, G. Schofield, C. Gkazinou, V. Almpanidou, G. C. Hays, Global sea turtle conservation successes. Sci. Adv. 3, e1600730 (2017).
32
R. L. Ott, M. T. Longnecker, An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis (Nelson Education, 1977).
33
P. Casale, Caretta caretta (North West Indian Ocean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2015: e.T84127873A84127992; (accessed 13 December 2017).
34
I. C. Kaplan, A risk assessment for Pacific leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62, 1710–1719 (2005).
35
B. P. Wallace, A. D. DiMatteo, A. B. Bolten, M. Y. Chaloupka, B. J. Hutchinson, F. A. Abreu-Grobois, J. A. Mortimer, J. A. Seminoff, D. Amorocho, K. A. Bjorndal, J. Bourjea, B. W. Bowen, R. Briseño Dueñas, P. Casale, B. C. Choudhury, A. Costa, P. H. Dutton, A. Fallabrino, E. M. Finkbeiner, A. Girard, M. Girondot, M. Hamann, B. J. Hurley, M. López-Mendilaharsu, M. A. Marcovaldi, J. A. Musick, R. Nel, N. J. Pilcher, S. Troëng, B. Witherington, R. B. Mast, Global conservation priorities for marine turtles. PLOS ONE 6, e24510 (2011).
36
C. Limpus, P. Casale, Caretta caretta (South Pacific subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2015: e.T84156809A84156890; (accessed 13 December 2017).
37
B. P. Wallace, C. Y. Kot, A. D. DiMatteo, T. Lee, L. B. Crowder, R. L. Lewison, Impacts of fisheries bycatch on marine turtle populations worldwide: Toward conservation and research priorities. Ecosphere 4, 1–49 (2013).
38
P. Santidrián Tomillo, E. Vélez, R. D. Reina, R. Piedra, F. V. Paladino, J. R. Spotila, Reassessment of the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) nesting population at Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, Costa Rica: Effects of conservation efforts. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 6, 54–62 (2007).
39
M. Tiwari, B. P. Wallace, M. Girondot, Dermochelys coriacea (Northwest Atlantic Ocean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013: e.T46967827A46967830; (accessed 13 December 2017).
40
B. P. Wallace, M. Tiwari, M. Girondot, Dermochelys coriacea (East Pacific Ocean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013: e.T46967807A46967809; (accessed 13 December 2017).
41
M. Tiwari, B.P. Wallace, M. Girondot, Dermochelys coriacea (West Pacific Ocean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013: e.T46967817A46967821; (accessed 13 December 2017).
42
R. F. Tapilatu, P. H. Dutton, M. Tiwari, T. Wibbels, H. V. Ferdinandus, W. G. Iwanggin, B. H. Nugroho, Long-term decline of the western Pacific leatherback, Dermochelys coriacea: A globally important sea turtle population. Ecosphere 4, 1–15 (2013).
43
B. P. Wallace, M. Tiwari, M. Girondot, Dermochelys coriacea (Southwest Indian Ocean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013: e.T46967863A46967866; (accessed 13 December 2017).
44
R. Nel, A. E. Punt, G. R. Hughes, Are coastal protected areas always effective in achieving population recovery for nesting sea turtles? PLOS ONE 8, e63525 (2013).
45
A. Abreu-Grobois, P. Plotkin, Lepidochelys olivacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008: e.T11534A3292503; (accessed 13 December 2017).
46
L. B. Crowder, D. T. Crouse, S. S. Heppell, T. H. Martin, Predicting the impact of turtle excluder devices on loggerhead sea turtle populations. Ecol. Appl. 4, 437–445 (1994).
47
S. S. Heppell, M. L. Snover, L. B. Crowder, “Sea turtle population ecology,” in The Biology of Sea Turtles, P. L. Lutz, J. A. Musick, J. Wyneken, Eds. (CRC Press, 2003), vol. 2, chap. 11.
48
S. S. Heppell, Application of life-history theory and population model analysis to turtle conservation. Copeia 1998, 367–375 (1998).
49
Y. Swimmer, R. Arauz, M. McCracken, L. McNaughton, J. Ballestero, M. Musyl, K. Bigelow, R. Brill, Diving behavior and delayed mortality of olive ridley sea turtles Lepidochelys olivacea after their release from longline fishing gear. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 323, 253–261 (2006).
50
B. P. Wallace, R. L. Lewison, S. L. McDonald, R. K. McDonald, C. Y. Kot, S. Kelez, R. K. Bjorkland, E. M. Finkbeiner, S. Helmbrecht, L. B. Crowder, Global patterns of marine turtle bycatch. Conserv. Lett. 3, 131–142 (2010).
51
S. D. Goldsworthy, Neophoca cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2015: e.T14549A45228341; (accessed 13 December 2017).
52
Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), Australian sea lion management strategy: Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery. Version 2.0 (2015); http://www.afma.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Australian-Sea-Lion-Management-Strategy-2015-v2.0-FINAL.pdf (accessed 13 December 2017).
53
S. Meyer, B. C. Robertson, B. L. Chilvers, M. Krkošek, Marine mammal population decline linked to obscured by-catch. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, 11781–11786 (2017).
54
S. Hamilton, G. B. Baker, Review of research and assessments on the efficacy of sea lion exclusion devices in reducing the incidental mortality of New Zealand sea lions Phocarctos hookeri in the Auckland Islands squid trawl fishery. Fish. Res. 161, 200–206 (2015).
55
P. D. Shaughnessy, S. D. Goldsworthy, D. J. Hamer, B. Page, R. R. McIntosh, Australian sea lions Neophoca cinerea at colonies in South Australia: Distribution and abundance, 2004 to 2008. Endanger. Species Res. 13, 87–98 (2011).
56
D. J. Hamer, S. D. Goldsworthy, D. P. Costa, S. L. Fowler, B. Page, M. D. Sumner, The endangered Australian sea lion extensively overlaps with and regularly becomes by-catch in demersal shark gill-nets in South Australian shelf waters. Biol. Conserv. 157, 386–400 (2013).
57
S. D. Goldsworthy et al., Australian sea lion populations at Seal Bay and the Seal Slide (Kangaroo Island): continuation of the monitoring program. SARDI Aquatic Sciences Publication No. F2008/000645-1 (South Australian Research and Development Institute, 2008).
58
S. D. Goldsworthy, B. Page, P. D. Shaughnessy, A. Linnane, Mitigating seal interactions in the SRLF and the gillnet sector SESSF in South Australia. Report to the fisheries research and development institute. Adelaide: South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences) (2010).
59
B. L. Chilvers, Phocarctos hookeri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2015: e.T17026A1306343; (accessed 13 December 2017).
60
B. L. Chilvers, S. Meyer, Conservation needs for the endangered New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri. Aquat. Conserv. 27, 846–855 (2017).
61
F. N. Thompson, E. R. Abraham, Estimation of the capture of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) in trawl fisheries from 1995–96 to 2006–07. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 41 (New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, 2009); http://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/NZAEBR41.pdf (accessed 13 December 2017).
62
L. Thomas, A. Jaramillo-Legorreta, G. Cardenas-Hinojosa, E. Nieto-Garcia, L. Rojas-Bracho, J. M. Ver Hoef, J. Moore, B. Taylor, J. Barlow, N. Tregenza, Last call: Passive acoustic monitoring shows continued rapid decline of critically endangered vaquita. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, EL512–EL517 (2017).
63
NFMS, Revisions to Guidelines for Assessing Marine Mammal Stocks (2005); http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/sars/gamms2005.pdf (accessed 13 December 2017).
64
O. Aburto-Oropeza, C. López-Sagástegui, M. Moreno-Báez, I. Mascareñas-Osorio, V. Jiménez-Esquivel, A. F. Johnson, B. Erisman, Endangered species, ecosystem integrity, and human livelihoods. Conserv. Lett. 11, e12358 (2017).
65
A. Jaramillo‐Legorreta, G. Cardenas-Hinojosa, E. Nieto-Garcia, L. Rojas-Bracho, J. Ver Hoef, J. Moore, N. Tregenza, J. Barlow, T. Gerrodette, L. Thomas, B. Taylor, Passive acoustic monitoring of the decline of Mexico’s critically endangered vaquita. Conserv. Biol. 31, 183–191 (2017).
66
O. Vidal, Population biology and incidental mortality of the vaquita, Phocoena sinus. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 16, 247–272 (1995).
67
F. Valenzuela-Quiñonez, F. Arreguín-Sánchez, S. Salas-Márquez, F. J. García-De León, J. C. Garza, M. J. Román-Rodríguez, J. A. De-Anda-Montañez, Critically Endangered totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi: Signs of recovery and potential threats after a population collapse. Endanger. Species Res. 29, 1–11 (2015).
68
J. F. Márquez-Farías, F. J. Rosales-Juárez, Intrinsic rebound potential of the endangered (Totoaba macdonaldi) population, endemic to the Gulf of California, México. Fish. Res. 147, 150–153 (2013).
69
D. W. Au, S. E. Smith, A demographic method with population density compensation for estimating productivity and yield per recruit of the leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54, 415–420 (1997).
70
D. Lercari, E. A. Chávez, Possible causes related to historic stock depletion of the totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), endemic to the Gulf of California. Fish. Res. 86, 136–142 (2007).
71
R. Froese, D. Pauly, FishBase (2017); http://www.fishbase.org (accessed 13 December 2017).
72
R.R. Reeves, et al., Cephalorhynchus hectori. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013: e.T4162A44199757; (accessed 13 December 2017).
73
R.R. Reeves, et al., Cephalorhynchus hectori ssp. maui. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013: e.T4162A44199757; (accessed 13 December 2017).
74
E. Slooten, Conservation management in the face of uncertainty: Effectiveness of four options for managing Hector’s dolphin bycatch. Endanger. Species Res. 3, 169–179 (2007).
75
M. J. Hickford, D. R. Schiel, J. B. Jones, Catch characteristics of commercial gillnets in a nearshore fishery in central New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 31, 249–259 (1997).
76
J. Y. Wang, R. Reeves, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T41754A50381766; http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/41754/0 (accessed 13 December 2017).
77
M. Hashimoto, K. Shirakihara, M. Shirakihara, K. Hiramatsu, Estimating the rate of increase for the finless porpoise with special attention to predictions for the Inland Sea population in Japan. Popul. Ecol. 55, 441–449 (2013).
78
J. Y. Wang, R. Reeves, Neophocaena phocaenoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T198920A50386795; http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/198920/0 (accessed 13 December 2017).
79
T. A. Jefferson, B. D. Smith, G. T. Braulik, E. Perrin, Sousa chinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T82031425A50372332; http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/82031425/0 (accessed 13 December 2017).
80
S. L. Huang, L. Karczmarski, J. Chen, R. Zhou, W. Lin, H. Zhang, H. Li, Y. Wu, Demography and population trends of the largest population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Biol. Conserv. 147, 234–242 (2012).
81
J. Y. Wang, C. Araujo-Wang, W. Perrin, G. T. Braulik, Sousa chinensis ssp. taiwanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T133710A50385374; http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/133710/0 (accessed 13 December 2017).
82
P. S. Ross, S. Z. Dungan, S. K. Hung, T. A. Jefferson, C. Macfarquhar, W. F. Perrin, K. N. Riehl, E. Slooten, J. Tsai, J. Y. Wang, B. N. White, B. Würsig, S. C. Yang, R. R. Reeves, Averting the baiji syndrome: Conserving habitat for critically endangered dolphins in Eastern Taiwan Strait. Aquat. Conserv. 20, 685–694 (2010).
83
E. Slooten, J. Y. Wang, S. Z. Dungan, K. A. Forney, S. K. Hung, T. A. Jefferson, K. N. Riehl, L. Rojas-Bracho, P. S. Ross, A. Wee, R. Winkler, S. C. Yang, C. A. Chen, Impacts of fisheries on the Critically Endangered humpback dolphin Sousa chinensis population in the eastern Taiwan Strait. Endanger. Species Res. 22, 99–114 (2013).
84
BirdLife International, Diomedea dabbenena (amended version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T22728364A111143392; (accessed 13 December 2017).
85
R. Cuthbert, G. Hilton, P. Ryan, G. N. Tuck, At-sea distribution of breeding Tristan albatrosses Diomedea dabbenena and potential interactions with pelagic longline fishing in the South Atlantic Ocean. Biol. Conserv. 121, 345–355 (2005).
86
R. Cuthbert, E. Sommer, P. Ryan, J. Cooper, G. Hilton, Demography and conservation of the Tristan albatross Diomedea [exulans] dabbenena. Biol. Conserv. 117, 471–481 (2004).
87
C. Barbraud, K. Delord, C. Marteau, H. Weimerskirch, Estimates of population size of white-chinned petrels and grey petrels at Kerguelen Islands and sensitivity to fisheries. Anim. Conserv. 12, 258–265 (2009).
88
BirdLife International, Procellaria aequinoctialis (amended version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T22698140A112245853; (accessed 13 December 2017).
89
C. Barbraud, C. Marteau, V. Ridoux, K. Delord, H. Weimerskirch, Demographic response of a population of white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis to climate and longline fishery bycatch. J. Appl. Ecol. 45, 1460–1467 (2008).
90
M. Favero, C. E. Khatchikian, A. Arias, M. P. Silva Rodriguez, G. Cañete, R. Mariano-Jelicich, Estimates of seabird by-catch along the Patagonian Shelf by Argentine longline fishing vessels, 1999-2001. Bird Conserv. Int. 13, 273–281 (2003).
91
D. C. Nel, P. G. Ryan, B. P. Watkins, Seabird mortality in the Patagonian toothfish longline fishery around the Prince Edward Islands, 1996-2000. Antarct. Sci. 14, 151–161 (2002).
92
L. Bugoni, P. L. Mancini, D. S. Monteiro, L. Nascimento, T. S. Neves, Seabird bycatch in the Brazilian pelagic longline fishery and a review of capture rates in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Endanger. Species Res. 5, 137–147 (2008).
93
R. Gales, N. Brothers, T. Reid, Seabird mortality in the Japanese tuna longline fishery around Australia, 1988-1995. Biol. Conserv. 86, 37–56 (1998).
94
H. S. Grantham, S. L. Petersen, H. P. Possingham, Reducing bycatch in the South African pelagic longline fishery: The utility of different approaches to fisheries closures. Endanger. Species Res. 31, 191–204 (2008).
95
BirdLife International, Ardenna grisea (amended version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017: e.T22698209A110674925; (accessed 13 December 2017).
96
S. Uhlmann, Fisheries bycatch mortalities of sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) and short-tailed shearwaters (P. tenuirostris). DOC Science Internal Series 92 (Department of Conservation, Wellington, 2003).
97
C. M. Hunter, H. Caswell, Selective harvest of sooty shearwater chicks: Effects on population dynamics and sustainability. J. Anim. Ecol. 74, 589–600 (2005).
98
D. Scott, P. Scofield, C. Hunter, D. Fletcher, Decline of Sooty Shearwaters, Puffinus griseus, on The Snares, New Zealand. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 142, 185–196 (2008).
99
R. Froese, N. Demirel, G. Coro, K. M. Kleisner, H. Winker, Estimating fisheries reference points from catch and resilience. Fish Fish. 18, 506–526 (2017).
100
101
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. I (2006). http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
102
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. II (2007); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
103
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. III (2008); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
104
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. IV (2009); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
105
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. V (2010); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
106
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. VI (2011); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
107
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. VII (2012); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
108
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. VIII (2013); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
109
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. IX (2014); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
110
SWOT Report—State of the World’s Sea Turtles, vol. X (2015); http://seaturtlestatus.org/report/view (accessed 13 December 2017).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Science
Volume 359 | Issue 6381
16 March 2018
16 March 2018
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.
Submission history
Received: 20 July 2017
Accepted: 26 January 2018
Published in print: 16 March 2018
Acknowledgments
We thank J. Moore, R. Reeves, D. Bradley, and the reviewers for helpful comments and C. Kot for assistance with nesting data. Funding: We acknowledge funding from the Waitt Foundation, Ocean Conservancy, the NASA Earth Science Division–Applied Sciences Program (NNH12ZDA001N-COF to R.L.L.), and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (to L.E.P.R.). Author contributions: M.G.B. and C.C. conceived the study. M.G.B., G.R.M., and C.C. designed the study with input from all authors. G.R.M., M.G.B., and B.O. performed the analysis. M.G.B. wrote the paper with input from all authors. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: Data and code used in our analysis are available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1188538. All other data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper or the supplementary materials.
Authors
Funding Information
National Science Foundation: Graduate Research Fellowship
Waitt Foundation: SB130076
Ocean Conservancy: SB150168
NASA Earth Science Division/Applied Sciences Program: NNH12ZDA001N-COF
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Article Usage
Altmetrics
Citations
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citation of this publication.
View Options
Get Access
Log in to view the full text
AAAS login provides access to Science for AAAS Members, and access to other journals in the Science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions.
- Become a AAAS Member
- Activate your AAAS ID
- Purchase Access to Other Journals in the Science Family
- Account Help
Log in via OpenAthens.
Log in via Shibboleth.
More options
Register for free to read this article
As a service to the community, this article is available for free. Login or register for free to read this article.
Buy a single issue of Science for just $15 USD.
View options
PDF format
Download this article as a PDF file
Download PDF