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Localized aliphatic organic material on the surface of Ceres

M. C. De Sanctis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3463-4437, E. Ammannito https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6671-2690, H. Y. McSween https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3749-7711, A. Raponi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4996-0099, S. Marchi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2548-3291, F. Capaccioni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-4314, M. T. Capria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9814-9588, F. G. Carrozzo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0391-6407, M. Ciarniello https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7498-5207, S. Fonte https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-7340, M. Formisano, A. Frigeri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9140-3977, M. Giardino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-6346, A. Longobardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-2741, G. Magni, L. A. McFadden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0537-9975, E. Palomba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-6774, C. M. Pieters, F. Tosi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4002-2434, F. Zambon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-6592, C. A. Raymond https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4213-8097, and C. T. Russell https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-8298
Science • 17 Feb 2017 • Vol 355, Issue 6326 • pp. 719-722 • DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj2305
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Organic compounds detected on Ceres

Water and organic molecules were delivered to the early Earth by the impacts of comets and asteroids. De Sanctis et al. examined infrared spectra taken by the Dawn spacecraft as it orbited Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt (see the Perspective by Küppers). In some small patches on the surface, they detected absorption bands characteristic of aliphatic organic compounds. The authors ruled out an external origin, such as an impact, suggesting that the material must have formed on Ceres. Together with other compounds detected previously, this supports the existence of a complex prebiotic chemistry at some point in Ceres' history.
Science, this issue p. 719; see also p. 692

Abstract

Organic compounds occur in some chondritic meteorites, and their signatures on solar system bodies have been sought for decades. Spectral signatures of organics have not been unambiguously identified on the surfaces of asteroids, whereas they have been detected on cometary nuclei. Data returned by the Visible and InfraRed Mapping Spectrometer on board the Dawn spacecraft show a clear detection of an organic absorption feature at 3.4 micrometers on dwarf planet Ceres. This signature is characteristic of aliphatic organic matter and is mainly localized on a broad region of ~1000 square kilometers close to the ~50-kilometer Ernutet crater. The combined presence on Ceres of ammonia-bearing hydrated minerals, water ice, carbonates, salts, and organic material indicates a very complex chemical environment, suggesting favorable environments to prebiotic chemistry.
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Supplementary Material

Summary

Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S4
Tables S1 and S2
References (35–37)

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Science
Volume 355 | Issue 6326
17 February 2017

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Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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Received: 16 September 2016
Accepted: 17 January 2017
Published in print: 17 February 2017

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and NASA for supporting this work. The VIR instrument was funded and coordinated by the ASI and built by Selex ES, with the scientific leadership of the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics, Italy. The VIR is operated by the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Rome, Italy. A portion of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to NASA. Dawn data are archived in NASA’s Planetary Data System; VIR spectral data may be obtained at http://sbn.psi.edu/pds/resource/dwncvir.html. We thank E. Quirico for providing the IOM data.

Authors

Affiliations

M. C. De Sanctis* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3463-4437
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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E. Ammannito https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6671-2690
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, 603 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, USA.
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H. Y. McSween https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3749-7711
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA.
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A. Raponi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4996-0099
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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S. Marchi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2548-3291
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
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F. Capaccioni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-4314
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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M. T. Capria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9814-9588
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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F. G. Carrozzo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0391-6407
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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M. Ciarniello https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7498-5207
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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S. Fonte https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-7340
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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M. Formisano
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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A. Frigeri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9140-3977
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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M. Giardino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-6346
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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A. Longobardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-2741
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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G. Magni
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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L. A. McFadden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0537-9975
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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E. Palomba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-6774
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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C. M. Pieters
Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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F. Tosi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4002-2434
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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F. Zambon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-6592
Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali–Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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C. A. Raymond https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4213-8097
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA.
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C. T. Russell https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-8298
Earth Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, 603 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, USA.
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Notes

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

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