Register and access this article for free
As a service to the community, this article is available for free.
Radiocarbon constraints imply reduced carbon uptake by soils during the 21st century
Abstract
Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir and may influence the sign and magnitude of carbon cycle–climate feedbacks. Many Earth system models (ESMs) estimate a significant soil carbon sink by 2100, yet the underlying carbon dynamics determining this response have not been systematically tested against observations. We used 14C data from 157 globally distributed soil profiles sampled to 1-meter depth to show that ESMs underestimated the mean age of soil carbon by a factor of more than six (430 ± 50 years versus 3100 ± 1800 years). Consequently, ESMs overestimated the carbon sequestration potential of soils by a factor of nearly two (40 ± 27%). These inconsistencies suggest that ESMs must better represent carbon stabilization processes and the turnover time of slow and passive reservoirs when simulating future atmospheric carbon dioxide dynamics.
Access the full article
View all access options to continue reading this article.
Supplementary Material
Summary
Materials and Methods
Sensitivity Analysis Results
Fully Coupled Simulation Analysis
Figs. S1 to S11
Tables S1 to S7
Resources
File (he-sm.pdf)
- Download
- 1.48 MB
References and Notes
1
Friedlingstein P., Meinshausen M., Arora V. K., Jones C. D., Anav A., Liddicoat S. K., Knutti R., Uncertainties in CMIP5 climate projections due to carbon cycle feedbacks. J. Clim. 27, 511–526 (2014).
2
IPCC, Summary for Policymakers.In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. T. F. Stocker, et al., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, P.M. Midgley, Eds. (IPCC, Cambridge and New York, 2013).
3
Arora V. K., Boer G. J., Friedlingstein P., Eby M., Jones C. D., Christian J. R., Bonan G., Bopp L., Brovkin V., Cadule P., Hajima T., Ilyina T., Lindsay K., Tjiputra J. F., Wu T., Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP5 earth system models. J. Clim. 26, 5289–5314 (2013).
4
Jones C. D., Cox P. M., Huntingford C., Climate‐carbon cycle feedbacks under stabilization: Uncertainty and observational constraints. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol. 58, 603–613 (2006).
5
Todd-Brown K. E. O., Randerson J. T., Hopkins F., Arora V., Hajima T., Jones C., Shevliakova E., Tjiputra J., Volodin E., Wu T., Zhang Q., Allison S. D., Changes in soil organic carbon storage predicted by earth system models during the 21st century. Biogeosciences 11, 2341–2356 (2014).
6
van Vuuren D. P., Edmonds J., Kainuma M., Riahi K., Thomson A., Hibbard K., Hurtt G. C., Kram T., Krey V., Lamarque J.-F., Masui T., Meinshausen M., Nakicenovic N., Smith S. J., Rose S. K., The representative concentration pathways: An overview. Clim. Change 109, 5–31 (2011).
7
Lichter J., Billings S. A., Ziegler S., Gaindh D., Ryals R., Finzi A. C., Jackson R. B., Stemmler E. A., Schlesinger W. H., Soil carbon sequestration in a pine forest after 9 years of atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Glob. Change Biol. 14, 2910–2922 (2008).
8
Schlesinger W. H., Lichter J., Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 411, 466–469 (2001).
9
Harden J. W., Mark R. K., Sundquist E. T., Stallard R. F., Dynamics of soil carbon during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Science 258, 1921–1924 (1992).
10
Schlesinger W. H., Evidence from chronosequence studies for a low carbon-storage potential of soils. Nature 348, 232–234 (1990).
11
O’Brien B., Stout J., Movement and turnover of soil organic matter as indicated by carbon isotope measurements. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 309–317 (1978).
12
Gaudinski J. B., Trumbore S. E., Davidson E. A., Zheng S. H., Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: Radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes. Biogeochemistry 51, 33–69 (2000).
13
Torn M. S., Trumbore S. E., Chadwick O. A., Vitousek P. M., Hendricks D. M., Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover. Nature 389, 170–173 (1997).
14
Trumbore S. E., Harden J. W., Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the BOREAS northern study area. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28817–28830 (1997).
15
Carvalhais N., Forkel M., Khomik M., Bellarby J., Jung M., Migliavacca M., Mu M., Saatchi S., Santoro M., Thurner M., Weber U., Ahrens B., Beer C., Cescatti A., Randerson J. T., Reichstein M., Global covariation of carbon turnover times with climate in terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 514, 213–217 (2014).
16
Friend A. D., Lucht W., Rademacher T. T., Keribin R., Betts R., Cadule P., Ciais P., Clark D. B., Dankers R., Falloon P. D., Ito A., Kahana R., Kleidon A., Lomas M. R., Nishina K., Ostberg S., Pavlick R., Peylin P., Schaphoff S., Vuichard N., Warszawski L., Wiltshire A., Woodward F. I., Carbon residence time dominates uncertainty in terrestrial vegetation responses to future climate and atmospheric CO2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 3280–3285 (2014).
17
Wang X., Liu L., Piao S., Janssens I. A., Tang J., Liu W., Chi Y., Wang J., Xu S., Soil respiration under climate warming: Differential response of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 3229–3237 (2014).
18
Knorr W., Prentice I. C., House J. I., Holland E. A., Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming. Nature 433, 298–301 (2005).
19
Koven C. D., Chambers J. Q., Georgiou K., Knox R., Negron-Juarez R., Riley W. J., Arora V. K., Brovkin V., Friedlingstein P., Jones C. D., Controls on terrestrial carbon feedbacks by productivity vs. turnover in the CMIP5 Earth System Models. Biogeosciences 12, 5211–5228 (2015).
20
Taylor K. E., Stouffer R. J., Meehl G. A., An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93, 485–498 (2012).
21
Mathieu J. A., Hatté C., Balesdent J., Parent É., Deep soil carbon dynamics are driven more by soil type than by climate: A worldwide meta-analysis of radiocarbon profiles. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 4278–4292 (2015).
22
Trumbore S., Age of soil organic matter and soil respiration: Radiocarbon constraints on belowground carbon dynamics. Ecol. Appl. 10, 399–411 (2000).
23
Feng W., Shi Z., Jiang J., Xia J., Liang J., Zhou J., Luo Y., Methodological uncertainty in estimating carbon turnover times of soil fractions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 100, 118–124 (2016).
24
Shevliakova E., Pacala S. W., Malyshev S., Hurtt G. C., Milly P. C. D., Caspersen J. P., Sentman L. T., Fisk J. P., Wirth C., Crevoisier C., Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use change: Importance of the secondary vegetation sink. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 23, GB2022 (2009).
25
Schmidt M. W., Torn M. S., Abiven S., Dittmar T., Guggenberger G., Janssens I. A., Kleber M., Kögel-Knabner I., Lehmann J., Manning D. A., Nannipieri P., Rasse D. P., Weiner S., Trumbore S. E., Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478, 49–56 (2011).
26
Lützow M., Kogel-Knabner I., Ekschmitt K., Matzner E., Guggenberger G., Marschner B., Flessa H., Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: Mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions review. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 57, 426–445 (2006).
27
Dungait J. A., Hopkins D. W., Gregory A. S., Whitmore A. P., Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 1781–1796 (2012).
28
Kleber M., Mikutta R., Torn M. S., Jahn R., Poorly crystalline mineral phases protect organic matter in acid subsoil horizons. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 56, 717–725 (2005).
29
Clemente J. S., Simpson A. J., Simpson M. J., Association of specific organic matter compounds in size fractions of soils under different environmental controls. Org. Geochem. 42, 1169–1180 (2011).
30
Koven C., Riley W. J., Subin Z. M., Tang J. Y., Torn M. S., Collins W. D., Bonan G. B., Lawrence D. M., Swenson S. C., The effect of vertically resolved soil biogeochemistry and alternate soil C and N models on C dynamics of CLM4. Biogeosciences 10, 7109–7131 (2013).
31
Ahrens B., Braakhekke M. C., Guggenberger G., Schrumpf M., Reichstein M., Contribution of sorption, DOC transport and microbial interactions to the 14C age of a soil organic carbon profile: Insights from a calibrated process model. Soil Biol. Biochem. 88, 390–402 (2015).
32
Bonan G. B., Hartman M. D., Parton W. J., Wieder W. R., Evaluating litter decomposition in earth system models with long-term litterbag experiments: An example using the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). Glob. Change Biol. 19, 957–974 (2013).
33
Lawrence C. R., Harden J. W., Xu X., Schulz M. S., Trumbore S. E., Long-term controls on soil organic carbon with depth and time: A case study from the Cowlitz River Chronosequence, WA USA. Geoderma 247–248, 73–87 (2015).
34
Rumpel C., Kögel-Knabner I., Deep soil organic matter—a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle. Plant Soil 338, 143–158 (2011).
35
Luo Y., Ahlström A., Allison S. D., Batjes N. H., Brovkin V., Carvalhais N., Chappell A., Ciais P., Davidson E. A., Finzi A., Georgiou K., Guenet B., Hararuk O., Harden J. W., He Y., Hopkins F., Jiang L., Koven C., Jackson R. B., Jones C. D., Lara M. J., Liang J., McGuire A. D., Parton W., Peng C., Randerson J. T., Salazar A., Sierra C. A., Smith M. J., Tian H., Todd-Brown K. E. O., Torn M., van Groenigen K. J., Wang Y. P., West T. O., Wei Y., Wieder W. R., Xia J., Xu X., Xu X., Zhou T., Toward more realistic projections of soil carbon dynamics by Earth system models. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 40–56 (2016).
36
Wieder W. R., Cleveland C. C., Smith W. K., Todd-Brown K., Future productivity and carbon storage limited by terrestrial nutrient availability. Nat. Geosci. 8, 441–444 (2015).
37
Duan Q., Sorooshian S., Gupta V. K., Optimal use of the SCE-UA global optimization method for calibrating watershed models. J. Hydrol. 158, 265–284 (1994).
38
Reimer P. J., et al., IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887 (2013).
39
Levin I., Kromer B., Twenty years of atmospheric 14CO2 observations at Schauinsland station, Germany. Radiocarbon 39, 205–218 (1997).
40
Levin I., Kromer B., Hammer S., Atmospheric Δ14CO2 trend in Western European background air from 2000 to 2012. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol. 65, 20092 (2013).
41
Hua Q., Barbetti M., Rakowski A. Z., Atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2010. Radiocarbon 55, 2059–2072 (2013).
42
Jobbágy E. G., Jackson R. B., The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol. Appl. 10, 423–436 (2000).
43
Tarnocai C., Canadell J. G., Schuur E. A. G., Kuhry P., Mazhitova G., Zimov S., Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 23, GB2023 (2009).
44
Koven C. D., Lawrence D. M., Riley W. J., Permafrost carbon-climate feedback is sensitive to deep soil carbon decomposability but not deep soil nitrogen dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 3752–3757 (2015).
45
Jones C. D., Arora V., Friedlingstein P., Bopp L., Brovkin V., Dunne J., Graven H., Hoffman F., Ilyina T., John J. G., Jung M., Kawamiya M., Koven C., Pongratz J., Raddatz T., Randerson J., Zaehle S., The C4MIP experimental protocol for CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development Discussion 2016, 1–52 (2016).
46
Rasmussen M., Hastings A., Smith M. J., Agusto F. B., Chen-Charpentier B. M., Hoffman F. M., Jiang J., Todd-Brown K. E., Wang Y., Wang Y. P., Luo Y., Transit times and mean ages for nonautonomous and autonomous compartmental systems. J. Math. Biol. 73, 1–20 (2016).
47
Schädel C., Schuur E. A., Bracho R., Elberling B., Knoblauch C., Lee H., Luo Y., Shaver G. R., Turetsky M. R., Circumpolar assessment of permafrost C quality and its vulnerability over time using long-term incubation data. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 641–652 (2014).
48
Torn M. S., Vitousek P. M., Trumbore S. E., The influence of nutrient availability on soil organic matter turnover estimated by incubations and radiocarbon modeling. Ecosystems 8, 352–372 (2005).
49
C. Castanha, S. Trumbore, R. Amundson, in An Introduction to the Study of Mineralogy, C. Aydinalp, Ed. (InTech, 2012), vol. 1, chap. 2, pp. 154.
50
Torn M. S., Lapenis A. G., Timofeev A., Fischer M. L., Babikov B. V., Harden J. W., Organic carbon and carbon isotopes in modern and 100-year-old soil archives of the Russian steppe. Glob. Change Biol. 8, 941–953 (2002).
51
Harden J., Fries T., Pavich M., Cycling of beryllium and carbon through hillslope soils in Iowa. Biogeochemistry 60, 317–336 (2002).
52
Trumbore S. E., Comparison of carbon dynamics in tropical and temperate soils using radiocarbon measurements. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 275–290 (1993).
53
Trumbore S. E., Davidson E. A., Barbosa de Camargo P., Nepstad D. C., Martinelli L. A., Belowground cycling of carbon in forests and pastures of eastern Amazonia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 515–528 (1995).
54
Masiello C. A., Chadwick O. A., Southon J., Torn M. S., Harden J. W., Weathering controls on mechanisms of carbon storage in grassland soils. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18, n/a (2004).
55
Basile‐Doelsch I., et al., Mineralogical control of organic carbon dynamics in a volcanic ash soil on La Réunion. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 56, 689–703 (2005).
56
Lassey K. R., Tate K. R., Sparks R. J., Claydon J. J., Historic measurements of radiocarbon in New Zealand soils. Radiocarbon 38, 253–270 (1996).
57
Baisden W. T., Parfitt R. L., Bomb 14C enrichment indicates decadal C pool in deep soil? Biogeochemistry 85, 59–68 (2007).
58
Telles E. D. C., de Camargo P. B., Martinelli L. A., Trumbore S. E., da Costa E. S., Santos J., Higuchi N., Oliveira R. C., Influence of soil texture on carbon dynamics and storage potential in tropical forest soils of Amazonia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 1040 (2003).
59
Schuur E. A., Chadwick O. A., Matson P. A., Carbon cycling and soil carbon storage in mesic to wet Hawaiian montane forests. Ecology 82, 3182–3196 (2001).
60
J. A. O’Donnell et al., Soil Data from Fire and Permafrost-Thaw Chronosequences in Upland Black Spruce (Picea mariana) Stands near Hess Creek and Tok, Interior Alaska, USGS Open File Report No. 2013-1045 (USGS, 2013).
61
J. A. O’Donnell, J. W. Harden, K. L. Manies, M. T. Jorgenson, Soil Data for a Collapse-Scar Bog Chronosequence in Koyukuk Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 2008, USGS Open File Report No. 2012-1230 (USGS, 2012).
62
C. Czimczik, PhD Dissertation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany, (2003).
63
J. L. Horwath, PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, Washington, USA, (2007).
64
Khomo L., Trumbore S., Bern C. R., Chadwick O. A., Timescales of C turnover in soils with mixed crystalline mineralogies, Kruger National Park, South Africa. Soil Discussion 2016, 1–29 (2016).
65
Etzold S., Waldner P., Thimonier A., Schmitt M., Dobbertin M., Tree growth in Swiss forests between 1995 and 2010 in relation to climate and stand conditions: Recent disturbances matter. For. Ecol. Manage. 311, 41–55 (2014).
66
Shen C., Yi W., Sun Y., Xing C., Yang Y., Yuan C., Li Z., Peng S., An Z., Liu T., Distribution of 14C and 13C in forest soils of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve. Radiocarbon 43 (2B), 671–678 (2001).
67
Chen Q., Sun Y., Shen C., Peng S., Yi W., Li Z., Jiang M., Organic matter turnover rates and CO2 flux from organic matter decomposition of mountain soil profiles in the subtropical area, south China. Catena 49, 217–229 (2002).
68
Rumpel C., Kögel-Knabner I., Bruhn F., Vertical distribution, age, and chemical composition of organic, carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis. Org. Geochem. 33, 1131–1142 (2002).
69
Tonneijck F. H., van der Plicht J., Jansen B., Verstraten J. M., Hooghiemstra H., Radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter fractions in Andosols in northern Ecuador. Radiocarbon 48, 337–353 (2006).
70
Pessenda L., Valencia E. P. E., Camargo P. B., Telles E. C. C., Martinelli L. A., Cerri C. C., Aravena R., Rozanski K., Natural radiocarbon measurements in Brazilian soils developed on basic rocks. Radiocarbon 38, 203–208 (1996).
71
Pessenda L. C. R., Gouveia S. E. M., Aravena R., Gomes B. M., Boulet R., Ribeiro A. S., 14C dating and stable carbon isotopes of soil organic matter in forest-savanna boundary areas in the southern Brazilian Amazon region. Radiocarbon 40, 1013–1022 (1997).
72
Leavitt S., Follett R., Kimble J., Pruessner E., Radiocarbon and δ13C depth profiles of soil organic carbon in the US Great Plains: A possible spatial record of paleoenvironment and paleovegetation. Quat. Int. 162–163, 21–34 (2007).
73
von Lützow M., Kögel-Knabner I., Ludwig B., Matzner E., Flessa H., Ekschmitt K., Guggenberger G., Marschner B., Kalbitz K., Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 111–124 (2008).
74
Schöning I., Kögel-Knabner I., Chemical composition of young and old carbon pools throughout Cambisol and Luvisol profiles under forests. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 2411–2424 (2006).
75
Krull E. S., Skjemstad J. O., δ13C and δ15N profiles in 14C-dated Oxisol and Vertisols as a function of soil chemistry and mineralogy. Geoderma 112, 1–29 (2003).
76
Chiti T., Certini G., Grieco E., Valentini R., The role of soil in storing carbon in tropical rainforests: The case of Ankasa Park, Ghana. Plant Soil 331, 453–461 (2010).
77
Dümig A., Schad P., Rumpel C., Dignac M.-F., Kögel-Knabner I., Araucaria forest expansion on grassland in the southern Brazilian highlands as revealed by 14C and δ13C studies. Geoderma 145, 143–157 (2008).
78
Katsuno K., Miyairi Y., Tamura K., Matsuzaki H., Fukuda K., A study of the carbon dynamics of Japanese grassland and forest using 14C and 13C. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 268, 1106–1109 (2010).
79
Krull E. S., Skjemstad J. O., Burrows W. H., Bray S. G., Wynn J. G., Bol R., Spouncer L., Harms B., Recent vegetation changes in central Queensland, Australia: Evidence from δ13C and 14C analyses of soil organic matter. Geoderma 126, 241–259 (2005).
80
Butman D., Raymond P., Oh N.-H., Mull K., Quantity, 14C age and lability of desorbed soil organic carbon in fresh water and seawater. Org. Geochem. 38, 1547–1557 (2007).
81
Lobo P., Flexor J., Rapaire J., Sieffermann G., Essai de détermination du temps de résidence des fractions humiques de deux sols ferrallitiques par l’utilisation du radiocarbone naturel et thermonucléaire. Cah. Orstom Sci. Hum. 1974, 115–123 (1974).
82
Becker-Heidmann P., Scharpenseel H., Thin layer δ13C and D14C monitoring of “lessive” soil profiles. Radiocarbon 28 (2A), 383–390 (1986).
83
Becker-Heidmann P., Andresen O., Kalmar D., Scharpenseel H.-W., Yaalon D. H., Carbon dynamics in vertisols as revealed by high-resolution sampling. Radiocarbon 44, 63–73 (2002).
84
Becker-Heidmann P., Scharpenseel H.-W., Carbon isotope dynamics in some tropical soils. Radiocarbon 31, 672–679 (1989).
85
Elzein A., Balesdent J., Mechanistic simulation of vertical distribution of carbon concentrations and residence times in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59, 1328–1335 (1995).
86
Mariotti A., Peterschmitt E., Forest savanna ecotone dynamics in India as revealed by carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter. Oecologia 97, 475–480 (1994).
87
Paul E., Collins H., Leavitt S., Dynamics of resistant soil carbon of Midwestern agricultural soils measured by naturally occurring 14C abundance. Geoderma 104, 239–256 (2001).
88
Caner L., Toutain F., Bourgeon G., Herbillon A.-J., Occurrence of sombric-like subsurface A horizons in some andic soils of the Nilgiri Hills (Southern India) and their palaeoecological significance. Geoderma 117, 251–265 (2003).
89
Martel Y., Paul E. A., Effects of cultivation on the organic matter of grassland soils as determined by fractionation and radiocarbon dating. Can. J. Soil Sci. 54, 419–426 (1974).
90
Paul E., Follett R. F., Leavitt S. W., Halvorson A., Peterson G. A., Lyon D. J., Radiocarbon dating for determination of soil organic matter pool sizes and dynamics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61, 1058–1067 (1997).
91
Guillet B., Achoundong G., Happi J. Y., Beyala V. K. K., Bonvallot J., Riera B., Mariotti A., Schwartz D., Agreement between floristic and soil organic carbon isotope (13C/12C, 14C) indicators of forest invasion of savannas during the last century in Cameroon. J. Trop. Ecol. 17, 809–832 (2001).
92
Laskar A. H., Yadava M. G., Ramesh R., Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopes in two soil profiles from northeast India. Radiocarbon 54, 81–89 (2012).
93
Desjardins T., Andreux F., Volkoff B., Cerri C., Organic carbon and 13C contents in soils and soil size-fractions, and their changes due to deforestation and pasture installation in eastern Amazonia. Geoderma 61, 103–118 (1994).
94
Scharpenseel H., Pietig F., University of Bonn natural radiocarbon measurements V. Radiocarbon 15, 13–41 (1973).
95
Treat C., et al., Effects of permafrost aggradation on peat properties as determined from a pan-Arctic synthesis of plant macrofossils. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 121, 78–94 (2016).
96
Ronkainen T., Väliranta M., McClymont E., Biasi C., Salonen S., Fontana S., Tuittila E.-S., A combined biogeochemical and palaeobotanical approach to study permafrost environments and past dynamics. J. Quaternary Sci. 30, 189–200 (2015).
97
Arduino E., Barberis E., Ajmone Marsan F., Zanini E., Franchini M., Iron oxides and clay minerals within profiles as indicators of soil age in northern Italy. Geoderma 37, 45–55 (1986).
98
C. Tarnocai, in 19th World Congress of Soil Science (Brisbane, Australia, Curran Associates, 2010).
99
C. Tarnocai, in Wetlands of Canada. (N. W. W. Group, Ottawa, Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, 1988), pp. 28–53.
100
G. B. Bonan et al., Technical Description of version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM) (National Center for Atmospheric Research, 2013).
101
K. Coleman, D. Jenkinson, in Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models (Springer, 1996), pp. 237–246.
102
Sitch S., Smith B., Prentice I. C., Arneth A., Bondeau A., Cramer W., Kaplan J. O., Levis S., Lucht W., Sykes M. T., Thonicke K., Venevsky S., Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 161–185 (2003).
(0)eLetters
eLetters is a forum for ongoing peer review. eLetters are not edited, proofread, or indexed, but they are screened. eLetters should provide substantive and scholarly commentary on the article. Neither embedded figures nor equations with special characters can be submitted, and we discourage the use of figures and equations within eLetters in general. If a figure or equation is essential, please include within the text of the eLetter a link to the figure, equation, or full text with special characters at a public repository with versioning, such as Zenodo. Please read our Terms of Service before submitting an eLetter.
Log In to Submit a ResponseNo eLetters have been published for this article yet.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Science
Volume 353 | Issue 6306
23 September 2016
23 September 2016
Copyright
Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Submission history
Received: 27 September 2015
Accepted: 29 August 2016
Published in print: 23 September 2016
Acknowledgments
We thank C. Hatté for sharing her compilation of published 14C profiles. We received funding support from the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) in the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. This included support from the Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program to the Biogeochemical Cycles Feedbacks Science Focus Area and several grants from the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Program (DESC0014374 and DE-AC02-05CH11231). J.W.H. serves as chair of the science steering group for International Soil Carbon Network (http://iscn.fluxdata.org); however, the work of this publication reflects efforts on behalf of the U.S. Geological Survey Scientist Emeritus Program, which provided IT and infrastructure support. The model simulations analyzed in this study were obtained from the Earth System Grid Federation CMIP5 online portal hosted by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/projects/esgf-llnl/).
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Article Usage
- 166 citation in Crossref
- 152 citation in Web of Science
Altmetrics
Citations
Cite as
- Yujie He et al.
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citation of this publication.
Cited by
- Faster Soil Carbon Aging With Depth at Higher Elevations in a Subtropical Forest, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 39, 10, (2025).https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008633
- The weak land carbon sink hypothesis, Science Advances, 11, 37, (2025)./doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr5489
- Soil Carbon Dynamics Reshaped by Ancient Carbon Quantification, Global Change Biology, 31, 9, (2025).https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70482
- Patterns and drivers of soil organic carbon fractions and persistence in coastal wetlands of China, CATENA, 257, (109186), (2025).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2025.109186
- Parameter Optimization for Global Soil Carbon Simulations: Not a Simple Problem, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 17, 8, (2025).https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004577
- Expanding Continuous Carbon Isotope Measurements of CO2 and CH4 in the Italian ICOS Atmospheric Consortium: First Results from the Continental POT Station in Potenza (Basilicata), Atmosphere, 16, 8, (951), (2025).https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080951
- Peak accumulation of soil organic carbon in the early Holocene, Science Bulletin, 70, 16, (2691-2700), (2025).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2025.05.046
- Grazing reverses climate-induced soil carbon gains on the Tibetan Plateau, Nature Communications, 16, 1, (2025).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62332-6
- Shifting Carbon Fractions in Forest Soils Offset 14 C‐Based Turnover Times Along a 1700 m Elevation Gradient , Global Change Biology, 31, 7, (2025).https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70326
- Mapping global distributions, environmental controls, and uncertainties of apparent topsoil and subsoil organic carbon turnover times, Earth System Science Data, 17, 6, (2605-2623), (2025).https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2605-2025
- See more
Loading...
View Options
Log in to view the full text
AAAS login provides access to Science for AAAS Members, and access to other journals in the Science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions.
More options
Register for free to read this article
As a service to the community, this article is available for free. Login or register for free to read this article.
Buy a single issue of Science for just $15 USD.
