Greenland temperature response to climate forcing during the last deglaciation
Old and older, cold and colder
Greenland surface air temperatures changed dramatically during the last deglaciation. The exact amount is unknown, which makes it difficult to understand what caused those changes. Buizert et al. report temperature reconstructions for the period from 19,000 to 10,000 years before the present from three different locations in Greenland and interpret them with a climate model (see the Perspective by Sime). They provide the broad geographic pattern of temperature variability and infer the mechanisms of the changes and their seasonality, which differ in important ways from the traditional view.
Abstract
Greenland ice core water isotopic composition (δ18O) provides detailed evidence for abrupt climate changes but is by itself insufficient for quantitative reconstruction of past temperatures and their spatial patterns. We investigate Greenland temperature evolution during the last deglaciation using independent reconstructions from three ice cores and simulations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model. Contrary to the traditional δ18O interpretation, the Younger Dryas period was 4.5° ± 2°C warmer than the Oldest Dryas, due to increased carbon dioxide forcing and summer insolation. The magnitude of abrupt temperature changes is larger in central Greenland (9° to 14°C) than in the northwest (5° to 9°C), fingerprinting a North Atlantic origin. Simulated changes in temperature seasonality closely track changes in the Atlantic overturning strength and support the hypothesis that abrupt climate change is mostly a winter phenomenon.
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Supplementary Material
Summary
Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S11
Tables S1 to S3
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References and Notes
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Information & Authors
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Published In
Science
Volume 345 | Issue 6201
5 September 2014
5 September 2014
Copyright
Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Submission history
Received: 17 April 2014
Accepted: 31 July 2014
Published in print: 5 September 2014
Acknowledgments
We are are indebted in countless ways to our mentor, friend, and colleague Sigfús J. Johnsen (1940–2013). We thank S. Marcott, D. Noone, J. Rosen, P. Langen, I. Seierstad, A. Landais, B. Minster, S. Falourd, and J. Shakun for fruitful discussions or assistance. Constructive comments by two anonymous reviewers helped improve the manuscript. We acknowledge funding through NSF grants 08-06377 (J.P.S.) and 0806414 (E.J.B.), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate and Global Change fellowship program, administered by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (C.B.), Agence Nationale de la Recherche through grants ANR VMC NEEM and ANR CEPS GREENLAND (V.M.-D.), and the U.S. NSF P2C2 program (A.E.C., Z.L., F.H., and B. O.-B.). This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, located in the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. NEEM is directed and organized by the Center of Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute and U.S. NSF, Office of Polar Programs. It is supported by funding agencies and institutions in Belgium (FNRS-CFB and FWO), Canada (NRCan/GSC), China (CAS), Denmark (FIST), France (IPEV, CNRS/INSU, CEA, and ANR), Germany (AWI), Iceland (RannIs), Japan (NIPR), Korea (KOPRI), The Netherlands (NWO/ALW), Sweden (VR), Switzerland (SNF), United Kingdom (NERC) and the USA (U.S. NSF, Office of Polar Programs). NEEM data and temperature reconstructions are provided as supplementary data files.
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