Accurate Temperature Imaging Based on Intermolecular Coherences in Magnetic Resonance
Abstract
Conventional magnetic resonance methods that provide interior temperature profiles, which find use in clinical applications such as hyperthermic therapy, can develop inaccuracies caused by the inherently inhomogeneous magnetic field within tissues or by probe dynamics, and work poorly in important applications such as fatty tissues. We present a magnetic resonance method that is suitable for imaging temperature in a wide range of environments. It uses the inherently sharp resonances of intermolecular zero-quantum coherences, in this case flipping up a water spin while flipping down a nearby fat spin. We show that this method can rapidly and accurately assign temperatures in vivo on an absolute scale.
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Susceptibility changes that occur over the correlation distance, typically tens of microns, still do contribute to the iZQC linewidths. However, in almost any realistic samples, susceptibility changes that occur over this distance are necessarily far smaller than those seen across an entire voxel, leading to substantial line narrowing.
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Although we use the iZQC nomenclature here, as discussed in (17), (27), and numerous other places, it is also possible in principle to calculate these effects using Bloch equations adapted to include a nonlinear term—the distant dipolar field—and this method is useful for numerical simulations. However, the nonlinearities in that picture dramatically reduce its intuitive value; for example, it is very hard to explain why peaks at the difference frequency are insensitive to inhomogeneous broadening.
36
This work was funded by NIH grants EB2122 and EB5979. We thank M. Dewhirst for useful discussions.
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Science
Volume 322 | Issue 5900
17 October 2008
17 October 2008
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American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Submission history
Received: 14 July 2008
Accepted: 5 September 2008
Published in print: 17 October 2008
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