Where Is the New Science in Corporate R&D?
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References and Notes
1.
National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators (NSF, Washington, DC, 2006).
2.
Landefield J., Mataloni R., Working Paper 2004–06 (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 2004); www.bea.gov/bea/working_papers.htm.
3.
Economist Intelligence Unit, “Scattering the seeds of invention: The globalization of research and development” (White paper, Economist, London, 2004).
4.
Nelson R., The Sources of Economic Growth (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996).
5.
Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006)Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy.
6.
Freeman R., NBER Working Paper 11457 (National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, July 2005).
7.
Jaffe A., Lerner J., Innovation and Its Discontents: Our Broken Patent System Is Endangering Innovation and Progress (Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, 2004)
8.
Zamiska N., WSJ (3 June 2006), p. A3.
9.
Branstetter L., Q. J. Econ.121, 321 (2006).
10.
Creating an Innovative Europe (European Commission, Brussels, 2006)Aho Group report, (; http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/action/research06_en.htm.
11.
Taken from 38 of 61 articles on R&D moving off-shore in the WSJNew York Times 2002–2006.
12.
Thursby J., Thursby M., Here or There? A Survey on the Factors in Multinational R&D Location (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006).
13.
The companies included are R&D-intensive firms large enough feasibly to have multiple R&D facilities. Because of confidentiality agreements that made this study possible, firm-specific data are not available.
14.
For R&D facilities in developed economies, the same factors are important, except cost is not important and IP protection is important. Weak IP protection is a deterrent to locating in emerging economies.
15.
Marburger J., Science308, 1087 (2005).
16.
Details are in the supporting online material.
17.
The most important factor has rank 1. The rank is based on the absolute size of the elasticity showing the impact of the factor on the type of science. The factors ranked as “not important” are not statistically significantly related to the type of science.
19.
Valentin F., Jensen R., Effects on Academia-Industry Collaboration of Extending University Property Rightswww.cbs.dk/forskning_viden/fakulteter_institutter_centre/institutter/oekonomi/biotech_business/menu/publikationer.
20.
Supported by the E. M. Kauffman Foundation and Government University Industry Research Roundtable of the National Academies.
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Science
Volume 314 | Issue 5805
8 December 2006
8 December 2006
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© 2006 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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Published in print: 8 December 2006
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