High Natural Aerosol Loading over Boreal Forests
Abstract
Aerosols play a key role in the radiation balance of the atmosphere. Here, we present evidence that the European boreal region is a substantial source of both aerosol mass and aerosol number. The investigation supplies a straightforward relation between emissions of monoterpenes and gas-to-particle formation over regions substantially lacking in anthropogenic aerosol sources. Our results show that the forest provides an aerosol population of 1000 to 2000 particles of climatically active sizes per cubic centimeter during the late spring to early fall period. This has important implications for radiation budget estimates and relevancy for the evaluation of feedback loops believed to determine our future climate.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Already a Subscriber?Sign In
Supplementary Material
File (tunved.som.pdf)
References and Notes
1
P. Ciais et al., J. Geophys. Res.100, 5051 (1995).
2
P. P. Tans, I. Y. Fung, T. Takahashi, Science247, 1431 (1990).
3
G. B. Bonan, D. Pollard, S. L. Thompson, Nature359, 716 (1992).
4
J. M. Mäkelä et al., Geophys. Res. Lett.24, 1219 (1997).
5
J. M. Mäkelä et al., Boreal Environ. Res.5, 299 (2000).
6
M. Kulmala, A. Toivonen, J. M. Mäkelä, A. Laaksonen, Tellus B50, 449 (1998).
7
M. Kulmala et al., Tellus B53, 324 (2001).
8
M. Komppula et al., Boreal Environ. Res.8, 395 (2003).
9
M. Kulmala et al., J. Aerosol. Sci.35, 143 (2004).
10
H. Vehkamäki et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys4, 2015 (2004).
11
P. Tunved et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys3, 2183 (2003).
12
M. Boy et al., J. Geophys. Res.108, 4667 (2003).
13
T. Novakov, J. E. Penner, Nature365, 823 (1993).
14
M. O. Andreae, P. J. Crutzen, Science276, 1052 (1997).
15
C. D. O'Dowd, P. Aalto, K. Hämeri, M. Kulmala, T. Hoffmann, Nature416, 497 (2002).
16
H. Hakola, Atmos. Environ.37, 1623 (2003).
17
R. Janson, K. Rosman, H. Karlsson, H.-C. Hansson, Tellus B53, 423 (2001).
18
J. Spanke, U. Rannik, R. Forkel, W. Nigge, T. Hoffmann, Tellus B53, 406 (2001).
19
I. G. Kavouras, N. Mihalopoulos, E. G. Stephanou, Nature395, 683 (1998).
20
M. Kalberer et al., Science303, 1659 (2004).
21
P. Tunved et al., J. Geophys. Res.110, D072012005).
22
R. R. Draxler, G. D. Hess, “Description of the Hysplit_4 modelling system” (NOAA Tech Memorandum, ERL ARL-224, 1997).
23
Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
24
A. Guenther, Ecol. Appl.7, 34 (1997).
25
V. Lindfors, J. Rinne, T. Laurila, “Biogenic VOC emissions and photochemistry in the boreal regions of Europe (BIPHOREP) scientific final report” (Commission of European Communities, Luxembourg, 1999), chap. 10.
26
J. R. Odum et al., Environ. Sci. Technol.30, 2580 (1996).
27
J. Heintzenberg, D. C. Covert, R. Van Dingenen, Tellus B52, 1104 (2000).
28
V.-M. Kerminen, H. Lihavainen, M. Komppula, Y. Viisanen, M. Kulmala, Geophys. Res. Lett.32,2005).
29
We acknowledge the financial support from International and National Abatement Strategies for Transboundary Air Pollution (ASTA) and Nordic Center of Excellence, research unit on Biosphere-Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions (BACCI).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Science
Volume 312 | Issue 5771
14 April 2006
14 April 2006
Copyright
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Submission history
Received: 28 November 2005
Accepted: 17 March 2006
Published in print: 14 April 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Article Usage
Altmetrics
Citations
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citation of this publication.
Cited by
- Direct observation and kinetics of a hydroperoxyalkyl radical (QOOH), Science, 347, 6222, (643-646), (2021)./doi/10.1126/science.aaa1495
- Unexpected Epoxide Formation in the Gas-Phase Photooxidation of Isoprene, Science, 325, 5941, (730-733), (2021)./doi/10.1126/science.1172910
- Aerosols Before Pollution, Science, 315, 5808, (50-51), (2021)./doi/10.1126/science.1136529
Loading...
View Options
Get Access
Log in to view the full text
AAAS login provides access to Science for AAAS Members, and access to other journals in the Science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions.
- Become a AAAS Member
- Activate your AAAS ID
- Purchase Access to Other Journals in the Science Family
- Account Help
Log in via OpenAthens.
Log in via Shibboleth.
More options
Purchase digital access to this article
Download and print this article for your personal scholarly, research, and educational use.
Buy a single issue of Science for just $15 USD.
View options
PDF format
Download this article as a PDF file
Download PDF